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Question 1

What causes shoulder “separation”?

Answer 1

Shoulder “separation” is a dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint

Question 2

What causes the coracoclavicular ligament to sometimes tear shoulder separation?

Answer 2

when the lateral end of the clavicle rides up over the acromion.

Question 3

What is shoulder “dislocation”?

Answer 3

Shoulder “dislocation” is the dislocation of the glenohumeral joint.

Question 4

What happens during an anterior-inferior shoulder dislocation?

Answer 4

Muscle traction usually pulls the dislocated humeral head into the subcoracoid position.

Question 5

What symptoms are associated with subacromial bursitis?

Answer 5

painful abduction

Question 6

What is subacromial bursitis and what usually causes it?

Answer 6

It is:Inflammation of the subacromial bursa

Is caused by: often due to calcific supraspinatus
tendinitis

Question 7

What are common locations for clavicle fractures?

Answer 7

Fractures of the clavicle usually occur in its middle third or outer third.

and

between the medial 2/3 and lateral 1/3

Question 8

What are common causes of clavicle fractures?

Answer 8

side impact injuries (car accidents) or a fall on an outstretched hand.

Question 9

What happens to the medial fragment of the clavicle after a fracture?

Answer 9

The sternocleidomastoid muscle elevates the medial fragment of bone.

Question 10

Why does the shoulder drop after a clavicle fracture?

Answer 10

The trapezius muscle is unable to hold the lateral fragment up

Question 11

What role does the coracoclavicular ligament play after a clavicle fracture?

Answer 11

The strong coracoclavicular ligament usually prevents dislocation of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint.

Question 12

What happens to the lateral fragment of the clavicle after a fracture?

Answer 12

The lateral fragment may be depressed and pulled medially by the adductor muscles of the arm

Question 13

How does thalmodite effect the growth of the limbs?

Answer 13

Thaldomite halts the apical ectodermal ridge formation

Question 14

What is a pulled elbow/ nursemaids elbow?

Answer 14

Sudden, sharp yanking of a child’s forearm (as in lifting the child roughly on to a curb) may cause the radial head to slip out of the annular ligament

Also might happen when two people lift the child from the two hands

Question 15

What is epicondylitis and what are its two forms?

Answer 15

It is: swelling and pain of the tendons around that area.

Two forms: lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) and medial epicondylitis
(golfer’s elbow)/little league elbow.

bc you swing medially when playing golf

Question 16

What is Radial tunnel syndrome?

Answer 16

It is: The radial nerve getting trapped and compressed in the radial tunnel which is just below the lateral epicondyle.

Question 17

Q: What is radial nerve palsy?

Answer 17

A: Radial nerve palsy occurs when the radial nerve is compressed in the mid-humerus area, leading to potential damage.

Question 18

: Why is the radial nerve more susceptible to damage in the mid humerus area?

Answer 18

: The spiral groove around the mid-humerus provides support, but pressure on the nerve restricts its movement, making it easier to damage.

Question 19

What is Olecranon bursitis (subcutaneous and subtendinous)?

Answer 19

Olecranon bursitis, a relatively common condition, is inflammation of the subcutaneous, synovial-lined sac of the bursa overlying the olecranon process at the proximal aspect of the ulna

Question 20

What is Olecranon bursitis (subcutaneous and subtendinous)?

Answer 20

Olecranon bursitis, a relatively common condition, is inflammation of the subcutaneous, synovial-lined sac of the bursa overlying the olecranon process at the proximal aspect of the ulna

Question 21

What is winged scapula and what is it caused by?

Answer 21

It is: the apperence of the scapula like a wing

Caused by: Results from paralysis of the
serratus anterior because of injury to the long thoracic nerve (after radical
mastectomy)

Question 22

How does a winged scapula affect abduction of the arm?

Answer 22

Arm cannot be abducted
above the horizontal because serratus anterior unable to
rotate the scapula superiorly to allow complete abduction of the arm

Question 23

How do you anesthetize the upper extermity?

Answer 23

By ansthetizing the brachial plexus

Question 24

What spinal segements and muscles are tested during a reflex test of the biceps, triceps, and forearm?

Answer 24

Reflex: Bicipital

Segment: C5-C6 (musculocutaneous n.)

Muscle: Biceps m.

===

Reflex: Triceps

Segment: C7-C8 (radial n.)

Muscle: Triceps m.

===
Reflex: Forearm

Segment: C5-C6 (radial n.)

Muscle: Brachioradialis m.

Question 25

What **nerve** triggers the **"funny"** bone and where is it located?

Answer 25

**Nerve:** ulnar nerve === **Located:** Under the medial epicondyle

Question 26

What are the 4 sites of common humeral fractures and what are the structures that can potentialy get effected?

Answer 26

Axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery at the surgical neck **[1]**. Radial nerve and profunda brachii artery at midshaft **[2]**. Brachial artery and Median nerve at the supracondylar region **[3]**. Ulnar nerve at the medial epicondyle **[4]**.

Question 27

What is amelia?

Answer 27

Complete absence of one or more limbs.

Question 28

What is meromelia?

Answer 28

Partial absence of limbs.

Question 29

What is phocomelia?

Answer 29

A defect where the upper portion of a limb is absent or poorly developed resulting in the hand or foot attaching directly to the body by a short flipper-like stump.

Question 30

What can cause these anomalies?

Answer 30

Thalidomide exposure.

Question 31

What is syndactyly?

Answer 31

A congenital anomaly characterized by two or more fused fingers or toes. ## Footnote "Syn" means with, like sync

Question 32

What is macrodactyly (megadactyly)?

Answer 32

Enlargement of one or more digits.

Question 33

What is polydactyly?

Answer 33

A condition wherein there are extra digits.

Question 34

What is ectrodactyly?

Answer 34

A condition where there are fewer than the normal number of digits.

Question 35

What is clubfoot (talipes equinovarus)?

Answer 35

A common foot malformation characterized by abnormal positions of the foot such as inversion.

Question 36

What can cause clubfoot?

Answer 36

Some cases result from compression of the infant in the uterus (e.g. oligohydramnios) and have a multifactorial cause.

Question 37

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 37

**It is:** an autoimmune disease caused by the formation of autoantibodies against Ach receptors. **Characterized** by a noticeable weakening of the muscle fiber response to a nerve stimulus.

Question 38

What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

Answer 38

A genetic condition caused by the absence of dystrophin protein (link actin filaments with the extracellular matrix). X-linked recessive disorder It affects only males as dystrophin is encoded on the X chromosome. Characterized by progressive muscular weakness.

Question 39

Compartment compression syndrome

Answer 39

Because the walls of the compartments of the extremities are unyielding, bleeding into or edema in a compartment may cause compartment compression syndrome.  In the flexor forearm, symptoms include compartment pain and impaired cutaneous sensation along ulnar and median nerve distribution in the hand.  If untreated, muscles of the flexor compartment may undergo ischemic necrosis with the resulting flexion deformity of Volkmann contracture.

Question 40

What is Dupuytren's contracture?

Answer 40

Localized fibrosis and shortening of the palmar aponeurosis, pulling the MP and PIP joint of finger 4, and perhaps finger 5 and others, into flexion.  DIP joints are NOT involved.  More common in men older 50 and frequently bilateral.

Question 41

Synovial cysts

Answer 41

A non-tender cystic swelling appears on the hand, most commonly on the dorsum of the wrist.  The cyst is the size of a small grape, but it varies and may be as large as a plum.  Flexion of the wrist makes the cyst enlarge, and it may be painful.  These synovial cysts are close to and often communicate with the synovial sheaths.

Question 42

Hand infections

Answer 42

In the flexor synovial sheaths, infection can travel to the carpal tunnel by the ulnar and radial bursae from little finger and thumb, respectively.  Infection may then spread into the fascial space between the flexor digitorum profundus and pronator quadratus muscles and then move to the forearm (flegmona).

Question 43

Mallet (baseball) finger

Answer 43

**Happens:**When DIP joint suddenly being forced into extreme flexion (hyperflexion) These actions **avulse** the attachment of the **extensor digitorum**