pack 2 - water and carbohydrates Flashcards
(25 cards)
what molecule is water and its charge
- dipolar molecule
- a water molecule has no overall charge
- but oxygen atom has a slightly negative charge
- while the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive charged
bond between water
- hydrogen bond
- relatively weak, however large numbers have a significant force and responsible for many of the unusual properties of water
water properties
high specific heat capacity
large latent heat of vaporization
strong cohesion and surface tension in water
solvent
metabolite
high specific heat capacity
allows water to act as a buffer against sudden temp changes
large latent heat of vaporization
this property of water explains why sweating is an effective means of cooling the body
strong cohesion and surface tension in water
allows water to pull up xylem tissues to continuous columns in plants
solvent
metabolic reactions involving the solutes can take place faster in solutions substances can then easily be transported
metabolite
metabolite involved in many metabolic reactions used in hydrolysis reactions and formed in condensation reactions
what is a polymer
a molecule of many monomers joined together
what are carbohydrate made of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
what are monosaccharides
these are basic monomers of which other carbohydrates are composed
- glucose, galactose and fructose
formula of glucose
c6 h12 o6
what is a isomers
same molecular formula but different chemical structure
alpha vs beta glucose
polysaccharides
starch (alpha)
glycogen (alpha)
cellulose (beta)
two different types of polymers of starch
amylose- forms a compact helical chain to store large numbers of glucose molecules in a small space
alpha 1-4
amylopectin- is branched. the branches allow the amylopectin to be quickly hydrolysed by amylase enzymes to form maltose, then glucose, for respiration
alpha 1-4 and 1-6
glycogen and starch
-similar to amylopectin but has more branches
- both glycogen and starch are well suited as energy storage molecules because:
1) they are coiled so compact and so stores lots of glucose in a small space
2) they are large and insoluble and so cannot diffuse out of the cell in which they are stored
3) they insoluble and have no osmotic effects
4) glycogen and amylopectin are quickly hydrolysed, to provide glucose for respiration. the branching means many ends are available for enzymes
cellulose formation
- the linking of beta glucose
- link together by the molecule on the left flipping over
cellulose function
component of plant cell walls
- it is made of straight unbranched chains of beta glucose molecules
- the chains run parallel to each other and hydrogen bonds form cross linkages between chains
- many hydrogen bonds are collectively strong and so provide a high tensile strength. this makes the cell wall rigid and prevents osmotic lysis
- cellulose molecules are grouped to form microfibrils
inorganic ions
hydrogen ions
affect pH levels
iron ions
component of haemoglobin in red blood cells
phosphate ions
component of DNA (an energy containing molecule used by cells) and phospholipids
sodium ions
involved in the absorption of glucose and amino acids in the small intestines (con transport)
