Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

3a > Paed:GI > Flashcards

Paed:GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is faltering growth?

A

Failure to gain adequate weight during childhood. Fall across 2 centiles on growth chart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the causes of faltering growth?

A

Reduced intake
Lack of absorption
Too much energy used up
Abnormal central control of growth/appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is GORD?

A

Motility disorder involving involunary passage of gastric contents into oesophagus. Due to improper relaxation of LOS as a result of functional immaturity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What makes GORD resolve by around 12months?

A

Maturation of LOS
Solid foods
More time upright

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Clinical features of GORD?

A 
Poor weight gain
Vomiting
Pain 
Irritability
Dysphagia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Complications of GORD

A

FtT due to severe vomiting
Oesophagitis
Recurrent pulmonary aspiration
Dystonic neck posturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Investigation of GORD

A 
24h oesophageal PH monitoring
24h impedance monitoring
endoscopy
barium swallow/meal
PPI test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Management of GORD

A

If uncomplicated: add inert thickening agent (carobel, nestargel), position head up 30deg after feeds
COmplicated: Do acid suppression (ranitidine or omep), surgery: Fundoplication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Coeliac Disease?

A

Proximal small intestine damage caused by gliadin provoking an immunological response to mucosa. Villi become shorter, then absent so the mucosa is flat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Classical presentation of coeliacs?

A 
FtT
Irritability
Abdo distension
abnormal stools
Malabsorptive syndrome at 8-24 months after intro of wheat containign solid foods.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diagnosis of coeliac?

A

Via small bowel biopsy

IgA tissue transglutaminase antibodies and the endomysial antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

management of coeliac?

A

avoidance of wheat from diet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Toddlers Diarrhoea?

A

Chronic non-specific diarrhoea. Commonest cause of loose stools in preschool children. Child still thrives, no systemic sx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Management of toddlers diarrhoea?

A

Low fruit and juice. increased fat to slow gut transit. Loperamide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is pyloric stenosis?

A

Hypertrophy of pyloric muscle causing gasteic outflow obstruction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When does pyloric stenosis present and how?

A

Commonly in boys 2-7 weeks.
Vomiting increasing in freq.+force over time, until projectile.
Hunger after vomiting until dehydrated.
W loss if delayed presentation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the metabolic picture of pyloric stenosis?

A

Hypochloraemic metabolic alklalosis with low Na and K due to vomiting stomach contents.
Hypochloraemic, hyponatraemic, hypokalaemic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diagnosis of pyloric stenosis

A

Test feed and exam.
USS if necessary.
Can see peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Treatment of Pyloric Stenosis

A

Correct fluid and electrolyte imbalance.

Pyloromyotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is IBS?

A

Mixed group of abdominal symptoms for which no organic cause can be identified.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Symptoms of IBS?

A

Consipation, diarrhoea, abdo pain/discomfort, bloating.
Abdo pain that is either relieved by defecation or is ass w/ altered stool form or bowel freq.

2 or more of:
Urgency
Incompelte evac
abdo distension
mucus oin stool
worsenign sx after foood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Treatment of IBS?

A

Dietary changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where does UC affect?

A

Confined to the colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is UC?

A

Relapsing and remitting inflammatory disorder of the colonic mucosa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Macrosopic changes of UC?
NO skip lesions.
26
Microscopic changes of UC?
Depleted goblet cells increased cyrpt abcesses mucosal inflammation
27
Symptoms of UC?
Episodic diarrhoea with blood and mucus LLQ pain FtT Delayed puberty
28
Treatment of UC?
Steroids --> Oral Prednisolone 5-ASA --> Sulfasalazine Azathioprine for relapse Surgery
29
Diagnosis of UC?
Colonoscopy with biopsy. Faecal calprotectin raised. pANCA raised.
30
Where is Crohns?
Mouth to anus
31
What is crohns disease?
Chronic inflammatory GI disease characterised by transmural granulomatous inflammation affecting any part of the gut from mouth to anus.
32
Features of Crohns macrosopcially?
Skip lesions | Cobblestone appearance
33
Features of Crohns microscopically?
Transmural inflammation Goblet cells LEss crypt abcesses then UC
34
Symptoms of Crohns
``` Classical presentaion of: Abdo pain, diarrhoea, weight loss. FtT. Urgency and bleeding with defecation. anal strictures and abcesses. lethargy. Delayed puberty. RIF tenderness ```
35
Extraintestinal signs of Crohns?
Apthous oral ulcerations, clubbing, skin joint and eye problems, arthralgia, uveitis
36
Diagnosis of Crohns?
NEgative pANca Raised faecal calprotectin Increased ESR/CRP Colonoscopy and biopsy
37
Treatment of crohns
``` Budesonide azathiproine infliximab Methotrexate Surgery ```
38
What is constipation?
Infrequent passage of stool ass w/ pain and difficulty or delay in defacation
39
What is encoparesis?
Involuntary faecal soiling or incontinence secondary to chronic constipation.
40
What are the ROME III criteria?
- <2 defecations per week - >1 episode of faecal incontinence per week - Retentive posturing or stool retention - painful or hard bowel movements - presence of a large fecal mass in the rectum - large diameter stools that may obstruct toilet
41
Red flags in constipation?
``` Delayed passage of meconium Fever vomiting bloody diarhoea FtT tight empty rectum with palpable abdo fecal mass abnormal neuro exam ```
42
Complications of constipation?
Acquired megacolon anal fissure overflow incontinence behavioural problems
43
management of constipation
Behavioural and toilet training advice Stool soften w/ macrogol laxative eg. polyethene glycol Stimulant laxative - senna
44
What is diarrhoea?
Change in consistency of stools and/or icnrease in freq. of evacuations. With or without fever/vomiting which lasts less than 7 days and not longer than 14.
45
What are the causes of acute diarrhoea?
Viruses: Rotavirus Bacteria: Campylobacter jejuni, salomonella, e.coli Parasites: giardia lambia
46
Clinical features of diarrhoea
``` Diarrhoea +/- bloody stools (dysentery) Fever Vomiting Dehydration Decreased consciousness ```
47
what do you see when examining dehydrated patient?
PRolonged CRT Abnormal skin turgor Absent tears
48
Investigations for acute diarrhoea
Stool microbiology | Serum electrolytes
49
Treatment of acute diarrhoea
antibiotics | probiotics
50
What is Hirchsprungs disease?
Absence of gagion cells from myenteric and submucoasal plexuses of part of large bowel results in narrow, contracted segment.
51
How does Hirchsprungs present?
Often presents in neonatal period with intestinal obstruction. Heralded by failure to pass meconium in first 24h of life. Develop abdo distension and bile stained vomit.
52
What would DRE of hirchsprungs reveal?
Narrowed segment and release of gas and liquid stool
53
Diagnosis of Hirchsprungs
Suction rectal biopsy
54
Management of Hirchsprungs
Surgery | Colostomy followed by anastomosis
55
What are the causes of Gastroenteritis?
Commonest in developed countries: Rotavirus Also caused by: adenovirus, norovirus, coronavirus Campylobacter jejuni is most common bacterial infection.
56
What are the symptoms of appendicitis?
Anorexia Vomiting Abdo pain Appendicitis is uncommon below age 3
57
What are the signs of appendicitis?
Flushed face low ggrade fever 37.2-38 abdo pain aggravated by movement guarding in RIF
58
Investigations for appendicitis?
USS supports dx. | FBC + U+E usefuk
59
Management of appendicitis?
Appendicectomy +/- abx
60
What is Intussusception?
Invagination of proximal bowel into a distant segment
61
What area of bowel is most commonly involved in intussusception?
Ileum passing into caecum through ileocaecal valve
62
Presentation of intussusception?
Paroxysmal, severe colicky pain and pallor refusal of feeds, vomiting, may become bile stained sausage shaped mass in abdo redcurrant jelly stool (blood stained mucus) abdo distension
63
X ray changes in ISS?
Distended small bowel and absence of gas in distal colon and rectum
64
Treatment of inussusception
Rectal air insufflation | ---> if fails need operative reduction.
65
What is Meckel Diverticulum?
Ileal remnant of vitello-intestinal duct
66
presentation of meckel diverticulum?
severe rectal bleeding. Intussusception, volvuvlus or diverituclits. Needs surgical resection.
67
What are the two presentations of malrotation?
Obstruction | Obstruction with a compromised blood supply
68
Presentation of malrotation?
Obstruction w/ bilous vomting in first few days of life.
69
What type of inguinal hernia is most common?
Indirect due to a patent processus vaginalis
70
Clinical features of inguinal hernia?
Intermittent swelling in groin or scrotum on crying/straining Swelling may be visible by raising intraabdo pressure Irreducible lump - firm and tender. irritability and vomiting
71
Treatment of inguinal hernias?
Reduce them w/ analgesia | Surgery
72
What is infant colic?
Paroxysmal inconsolable crying or screaming often accompanied by drawing up of the knees and passage of excess flatus. Several times a day, especially in evening.
73
When does colic occur?
First few weeks of life and resolves by four months.
74
what should you check for in colic?
Cows milk allergy or GO reflux disease
75
What is marasmus?
Lack of calories and discrepancy between height and weight. HIV associated.
76
Signs of marasmus?
``` Distended abdo diarrhoea constipation infection decreased albumin ```
77
Treatment of marasmus?
Fortified ready to use food if >6months Parenteral feeding Balanced diet
78
What is Kwashiorkor?
Due to decreased intake of protein and essential AAs.
79
Signs of Kwashiorkor?
``` Poor growth diarrhoea apathy anorexia diarrhoea skin and hair depigmentation distended abdo decreased glucose decreased potass, magnesium, haemoglobin, cholesterol, albumin ```
80
Management of Kwashiorkor?
Reducation of child and family. Reintroduce protein to diet and build up. Vitamins
81
What is biliary atresia?
This is a condition of uncertain cause where part, or all, of the extrahepatic bile ducts are obliterated by inflammation and subsequent fibrosis, leading to biliary obstruction and jaundice
82
What is Wilson disease?
AR disorder, results in buildup of intracellular hepatic copper with subsequent hepatic dysfunction, neurological abnormalities and haemolytic aneamia.
83
Symptoms of wilsons disease?
Rare under 5. Chronic active hepatitis Neuro sx: mood disorder, psychosis, features consistent with parkinsons haemolysis in severe cases
84
Diagnosis of wilson disease?
Low plasma concentration of Caeruloplasmin elevated 24h urinary copper excretion opthalmoscopy to detect kayser-fleischer ring
85
Treatment of wilson disease?
Lifelong chelating agents eg. D-penicillamine | or Liver transplant
86
What is choleductal cyst?
Choledochal cyst is a congenital dilatation of part or whole of the bile duct
87
List some causes of liver failure?
``` Chronic hepatitis Biliary atresia Drug induced Autoimmune hepatitis Wilsons disease alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency ```
88
Symptoms of liver failure?
``` Jaundice, Gi haemorrhage Pruritis Anaemia FtT ```

3a (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions