Paediatric Haematology Flashcards
(23 cards)
how old is a neonate
0-28 days
how old is an infant
1 -12 months
what is the age range of children in medicine
1 -12 years
when do we first start to make blood cells and where.
day 18 in the yolk sac
after the initial making of blood in the foetus, where is blood made
liver
where is bone marrow?
ribs
long bone
vertebrae
sternum
what is the function of RBCs
to carry oxygen so that cells can function
what occurs in the chromosomes to make haemoglobin
In the alpha chain on chromosome 16 and there are two pairs of genes.
on the alpha chain, the zeta turns onto the alpha
on the b chain turns from episilon, tto gamma, , to beta, to delta.
when two Zetas and 2 Episilon, it creates gamma 1
when two alphas and 2 episilon, it creates gamma 2
when two alphas and two gammas, makes fetal Hb
two Zetas and two gammas can create portland 1
two zetas and two betas can create portland 2
2 alphas and 2 betas create adult Hb
AT birth how much Fetal Hb is present?
1%
what are the differences between fetal RBCs and adult RBCs
they have different Hb
there are lots more RBCs in foetus’
in Foetus’ they make epo which triggers babies to make more RBC
at birth, babies have increased Haemocrit
in babies they have increased reticulocytes and increased new red blood cells
red blood cells in foetus’ are bigger than in adults
what are the two types of WBC
myeloid and lymphoid
what are some differences in babies myeloid WBC compared to adults?
there is an increased amount of neutrophils in babies
babies/neonates are susceptible to neutopenia which is a sign of sepsis.
At what week do babies have normal amoubnt of platelets
20 weeks
tell me about the causes of acquired anaemia in childhood
physiological
trauma
tumour
iatrogenic
what is the number one cause of anaemia in childhood?
diet (nutrition ) causing iron deficiency, that can affect child health and growth
what is the pathology behind childhood anaemia
Not good at making it
a. at all
- this may be due to nutritional or bone marrow functions
b. haemoglobinopathy
good at making it but
a. losing it
- bleed
b. breaking it down
- leukolysis
globally how many women and children are affected by anaemia
300,000
what gene causes sickle cell?
the alpha chain on chromosome 16
what % of population of the world has the gene for thalassaemia and sickle cell?
5% but in some parts of the world has 25%
when was sickle cell first discovered?
1910 and in 1922 they had gathered enough cases to call it sickle cell
when was sickle cell treatment was first available, discovered?
1995 - HCU, a cancer drug was found to improve life of sickle cell pts.
1996, SCT was available
what are the causes of bleeding and bruising in children
accidents
non-accidental incident
immature- physiological
congenital
itp, transient reduction in platelets because it kills own platelet cells when fighting infection
undeveloped body, low vitamin k dependent factors
what is dic
whole clotting cascade has been turned on due to traumatic event including, dead twin in the womb etc
