Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Microbiology > Paediatric Viral Diseases > Flashcards

Paediatric Viral Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Why are different strains of viruses important?

A

Immunity against one strain does not protect against other strains, e.g. rhinovirus
Viruses can continually evolve to form new strains, e.g. influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is measles transmitted?

A

Airborne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is diphtheria transmitted?

A

Saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is smallpox transmitted?

A

Airborne droplet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is polio transmitted?

A

Faecal-oral route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is rubella transmitted?

A

Airborne droplet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is mumps transmitted?

A

Airborne droplet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is HIV/AIDS transmitted?

A

Sexual contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is pertussis transmitted?

A

Airborne droplet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is SARS transmitted?

A

Airborne droplet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is influenza transmitted?

A

Airborne droplet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is ebola transmitted?

A

Bodily fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the different ways viruses are acquired and spread?

A

Respiratory
Faecal-oral
Close exposure/skin or mucous membrane contact
Contact with blood
Animal vectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are viruses spread by respiratory pathways?

A

Droplets - contaminated environment, exposure to mucous membranes
Aerosol - breathed directly in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are viruses spread by faecal-oral route?

A

Food and water
Contaminated environment
e.g. norovirus, enterovirus, hepA, hepE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are examples of blood-borne viruses and how are they spread?

A

HIV, HepB, HepC
Contamination of cuts
Inoculation of mucous membranes
Through the skin - ‘needlestick injury’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can the risk of spreading blood-borne viruses be reduced?

A

Universal precautions
Testing of healthcare workers performing exposure prone procedures (EPPs)
Infection control especially important in dialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some animal vectors that can spread viruses?

A

Arthropods - insects, ticks e.g. dengue
Warm-blooded animal - dog bite e.g. rabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can viruses spread from close exposure?

A

Skin to skin/mucous membranes
e.g. HSV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are viruses spread by sexual transmission?

A

Virus in body fluids - semen, saliva e.g. HIV
Via mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How can viral infection be prevented pre exposure?

A

Hygiene
Avoidance
Pre-exposure vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How can viral infection be prevented post exposure?

A

Post-exposure prophylaxis - Immunoglobulin, vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What family does RSV belong to?

A

Paromyxoviridae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the subtypes of RSV?

A

A and B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is RSV transmitted?

A

Droplet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A

ssRNA 15-19kb length
Most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children < 1yo
By age 3-5yrs infection is universal
Seasonal - winter in temperate zones and rainy season in tropics
Can lead to death and closure of units
Serious infection is life threatening for people having BMT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What infection does RSV cause?

A

Upper and lower respiratory tract infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does RSV cause in young children?

A

Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
Barking cough and breathlessness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does RSV cause in adults?

A

Common cold
Flu-like illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How is RSV diagnosed?

A

PCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How can RSV be prevented in babies?

A

Intramuscular injections of Palivizumab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How is RSV treated?

A

Hydration
Oxygen
General nursing care
Antibaterials if secondary infection suspected with/without Ribavirin - toxic so rarely used but may improve lung function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What type of virus is rubella?

A

RNA
Enveloped virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What family does rubella belong to?

A

Matonaviridae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are symptoms of rubella in children?

A

Fever
Runny nose
Red eyes
Fine pink maculopapular rash that starts on face then trunk then arms and legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What else can occur in rubella infection?

A

Posterior auricular lymphadenopathy - enlarged lymph nodes behind the ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are symptoms of congenital rubella?

A

Cataracts, glaucoma
Heart defects
Deafness
Developmental delay
Low birth weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How is rubella transmitted?

A

Respiratory spread and droplets
Highly infectious
Humans are the only host
May be infectious from one week before rash appears and remain infectious for another week after it appears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How is rubella diagnosed?

A

PCR
Detection of IgM by serology

40
Q

How is rubella prevented pre-exposure?

A

MMR vaccine

41
Q

How is rubella prevented post-exposure?

A

Post-exposure prophylaxis with MMR vaccination or human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG)

42
Q

How is HNIG done for rubella?

A

HNIG from pooled plasma from donors outside the UK
Ideally administered within 72hrs of exposure but up to 6 days

43
Q

Who is HNIG used for?

A

In pregnancy
Infants <6months
Immunosuppressed
In other groups MMR is used

44
Q

What type of virus is measles?

A

Single stranded RNA
Enveloped helical

45
Q

What family does the measles virus belong to?

A

Paramyxovirus

46
Q

What genus does measles virus belong to?

A

Morbillivirus

47
Q

What are some other paramyxoviruses?

A

Mumps
Parainfluenza
RSV
Metapneumovirus

48
Q

What is the incubation period of measles?

A

Typically 10 days but can range from 7 to 18 days
May be prolonged in immunocompromised
Individuals are highly infectious from beginning of their illness
After recovery there is life long immunity

49
Q

How is measles transmitted?

A

Droplet infection e.g. coughs and sneezes

50
Q

What are symptoms of measles virus?

A

Start with high fever, conjunctivitis, cough, runny nose and sometimes diarrhoea before a maculopapular rash develops
Rash is often intense and blotchy and will last about a week starting on the face

51
Q

What can be seen with measles infection?

A

Koplik spots - small white spots on inside of cheeks

52
Q

What are some complications of measles infection?

A

Pneumonia
Ear infections
More rarely meningitis and encephalitis

53
Q

What is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)?

A

A fatal neurodegenerative complication of measles
Occurs many years later (7-10yrs)
Characteristic changes in EEG

54
Q

How does SSPE present?

A

Mood changes
Sleeplessness
Forgetfulness which rapidly progresses over 1-3 years

55
Q

What happens if you get measles in pregnancy?

A

If infection occurs during pregnancy and individual is not immune may result in miscarriage, stillbirth or pre-term delivery

56
Q

Who are the at risk groups for measles infection?

A

Immunocompromised patients - infection may be severe and possible fatal
Pregnant women - may cause miscarriage or premature labour
Infants < 1 year - infection may be very severe and possibly fatal

57
Q

How is measles diagnosed?

A

PCR - oral swab, throat swab
Positive during prodrome (early signs and symptoms) and when rash is present

58
Q

What family does mumps virus belong to?

A

Paramyxovirus

59
Q

What is the incubation period for mumps?

A

16-18 days

60
Q

Describe mumps infection

A

Highly contagious
Spread via respiratory secretions
Pain and swelling in parotid (salivary glands)
Prodrome - fever, headache, malaise

61
Q

What are some rare serious complication of mumps in hcildren?

A

Orchitis (testicular swelling)
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Hearing loss
Pancreatitis

62
Q

How is mumps prevented?

A

MMR vaccine

63
Q

How is mumps diagnosed?

A

Saliva swap and serology for IgG/IgM

64
Q

Describe chickenpox

A

Usually occurs in childhood <10yo
Caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV)
90% British adults are immune
Usually mild illness
More severe in adults with higher rates of complications
Mild prodrome

65
Q

Who are the groups at risk of severe disease with chickenpox?

A

Pregnant women
Premature babies (<28weeks)
Neonates born to susceptible mothers
Immunocompromised patients

66
Q

What is the incubation period of chickenpox?

A

10-21 days

67
Q

What does VZV cause?

A

Chickenpox and shingles

68
Q

What type of virus is VZV?

A

Herpes virus

69
Q

Describe VZV

A

Chickenpox is primary systemic infection with lifelong immunity to chickenpox - travels from skin to root ganglion along sensory nerves
Shingles occurs due to reactivation from root ganglia, up sensory nerves, to the skin - usually in one dermatome

70
Q

How is VZV transmitted?

A

Direct contact with lesions or by respiratory spread from someone with chickenpox

71
Q

What are complications of VZV?

A

Bacterial superinfection with Staph and Strep
Encephalitis
Pneumonia

72
Q

Describe chickenpox rash

A

Prodrome of malaise, fever, headache 1-2 days before rash appears
Vesicular rash starts on trunk or face - papules, vesicles, pustules
Successive crops over days - croping is characteristic of chickenpox
Lesions of different stages of development

73
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of varicella

A

Day 0 - infection of conjunctivae and/or mucosa of upper resp tract
Day 2 - viral replication in regional lymph nodes
Day 4-6 - primary viraemia
Day 8-10 - viral replication in liver, spleen and possibly other organs
Day 11-12 - secondary viraemia
Day 14 - infection of skin and appearance of vesicular rash

74
Q

How is VZV diagnosed?

A

Usually clinically
Detection of VZV DNA by PCR from green topped virology swab
Assay also detects HSV1/2 as another common cause of vesicular rash
Serology for detection of VZV IgM

75
Q

How is VZV treated?

A

Acyclovir advised for patients at risk of severe disease, not routinely recommended for chickenpox in children
Acyclovir available as oral or IV formulation

76
Q

How can VZV be prevented?

A

Live attenuated vaccine pre-exposure
Hygiene
Avoidance of people with chickenpox/exposed shingles
Post exposure prophylaxis with acyclovir/VZIG (varicella zoster immunoglobulin) for immunocompromised/pregnant

77
Q

What type of virus is enterovirus?

A

Non enveloped RNA viruses
Many serotypes

78
Q

What family do enteroviruses belong to?

A

Picornaviridae

79
Q

How are enteroviruses spread?

A

Faecal/oral route and respiratory droplets

80
Q

What is the clinical presentation of enterovirus?

A

Febrile (with fever) illness often with rash
Aseptic meningitis usually in <1yo
Vesicular lesions in mouth, feet, buttocks, genitals
Herpangina - ulcers and lesions in mouth, sore throat, fever
Polio

81
Q

What type of virus is Epstein Barr virus (EBV)?

A

ds DNA virus
One of the Herpes viruses

82
Q

Describe EBV

A

Often asymptomatic in children
Mononucleosis - lymphadenopathy, malaise, fever
Splenic rupture
Often become infected in childhood and adolescence
Rash if ampicillin given
Prevention - hygeine

83
Q

How is EBV diagnosed?

A

Serology for VCA IgG, EBNA IgG and IgM by ELISA
PCR from whole lood
Heterophile Ab - Abs produced against poorly defined Ags; in adolescents, heterophile Abs have high specificity and sensitivity in diagnosis of primary EBV infection
Often negative in children

84
Q

What type of virus is cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

A

ds DNA enveloped virus
One of the Herpes viruses

85
Q

Describe infection with CMV

A

Primary infection often asymptomatic in children or similar to glandular fever
Can cause congenital infection if susceptible pregnant women infected during pregnancy - deafness, developmental delay, low birth weight

86
Q

How is CMV transmitted?

A

Via close contact with secretions

87
Q

How is CMV treated?

A

Antiviral treatment not indicated in most children
Usually self limiting
In immunocompromised children or congenital infection can use ganciclovir/vaganciclovir

88
Q

What type of virus is rotavirus?

A

ds DNA non-enveloped virus

89
Q

Describe rotavirus infection

A

Can cause viral gastroenteritis in <5yo especially diarrhoea causing dehydration, requiring intravenous fluids
High mortality

90
Q

How is rotavirus spread?

A

Faecal/oral route

91
Q

How is rotavirus diagnosed?

A

Antigen detection or PCR

92
Q

How is rotavirus prevented?

A

Hygiene
Infant vaccination Rotarix in UK routine schedule - given at 8 and 12 weeks of age

93
Q

What type of virus is adneovirus?

A

ds DNA non-enveloped virus

94
Q

What family does adenovirus belong to?

A

Arenaviridae

95
Q

How is adenovirus transmitted?

A

Respiratory and faecal/oral route

96
Q

How many serotypes of adenovirus are there?

A

88 in humans causing different illnesses - respiratory infection, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, severe disease in immunocompromised

97
Q

How is adenovirus diagnosed?

A

Clinically
PCR from respiratory swab or blood
No antivirals required unless immunocompromised then cidofovir
Currently no licensed vaccine

Medical Microbiology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions