Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase 3a - SBA resit key points > Paediatrics > Flashcards

Paediatrics Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Boggy superficial scalp swelling that crosses the suture line

A

Caput Succedaneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a cephalohematoma?

A

A subperiosteal haemorrhage - key = does NOT cross the suture lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What % of term babies get jaundice

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What % of preterm babies get jaundice

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When are the age brackets for jaundice in babies and what do they mean

A

<24 hours = always abnormal

2-14 days = normal

> 2 weeks = can be normal or abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of jaundice in babies under 24 hours old

A

1) Rhesus haemolytic disease
2) ABO incompatibility
3) TORCH infections
4) Genetic conditions G6PD deficiency and hereditary spherocytosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of jaundice in babies from 2 - 14 days old

A

1) Physiological
2) Breast milk
3) Bruising and polycythaemia
4) Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of jaundice in babies over 2 weeks old

A

1) Breast milk
2) Congenital hypothyroidism
3) Biliary atresia
4) Cystic fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Symptoms of neonatal jaundice

A

Visible jaundice (discolouration)

Signs of kernicterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is kernicterus

A

Acute bilirubin encephalopathy

Deposition of unconjugated bilirubin in the basal ganglia and brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diagnosis and Ix. of jaundice

A

1) Transcutaneous bilirubin levels

2) Blood tests
- Direct coomb’s
- Kleihauer
- U&Es
- Conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin
- FBC + blood film
- Blood culture
- TFTs

3) USS if biliary atresia suspected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tx of neonatal jaundice

A

1st line = UV phototherapy

2nd line = exchange transfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most common GI malformation

A

Oesophageal atresia +/- tracheo-oesophageal fistula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sx of Oesophageal atresia +/- tracheo-oesophageal fistula

A

Prenatal = polyhydramnios

Postnatal = blowing bubbles, salivation and drooling, cyanotic episodes on feeding, respiratory distress and aspiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diagnosis and Ix for Oesophageal atresia +/- tracheo-oesophageal fistula

A

Pass an NG tube down and take x ray

= x ray should show NG tube coiled in the oesophagus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 main causes of paediatric small bowel obstruction

A

1) duodenal atresia
2) malrotation + volvulus
3) meconium ileus in CF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is duodenal atresia and what are the key points to remember

A

Issue in the formation of the bile ducts

  • occurs in 1/3rd of patients with Down syndrome
  • Sx = small bowel obstruction symptoms +/- biliary vomiting
  • DOUBLE BUBLE SIGN on x ray
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most important cause of paediatric large bowel obstruction

A

Hirschsprung’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Key features of Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Congenital absence of colonic ganglia

presentation =

  • failure to pass meconium within 48 hours
  • Abdo distention and late bilious vomiting

PR exam = contracted distal segment followed by rush of liquid stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is cryptorchidism more commonly known as

A

Undescended testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tx for undescended tests

A

Orchidopexy at 1 year if still undescended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the cause of neonatal inguinal hernias

A

Due to patent processus vaginalis

supposed to close and become tunica vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the Tx for neonatal inguinal hernias and what time frame should they be done on

A

ALL require surgery

if >6 weeks = 2 days
if <6 months = 2 weeks
if <6 years = 2 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is meant by hypospadias

A

The urethra opening is on the ventral (underneath) aspect of the penile shaft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the cause for hypospadias
Lack of testosterone
26
Clinical presentation of hypospadias
1) meatus on ventral surface 2) Hooded foreskin 3) Spraying on urination
27
Tx of hypospadias
Surgery not necessary BUT must not perform circumcision if want surgery.
28
What is testicular torsion
The twisting of the spermatic cord cutting off blood supply to the testicle
29
Aetiology of testicular torision
More common at times of high testosterone = neonates and pubertal teenagers.
30
Clinical presentation of testicular torsion
- Acute swollen, tender testicle - Testicle displaced higher - Vomiting due to pain - Negative Prehn's sign (pain not relieved on lifting)
31
Tx of testicular torision
Surgical emergency! If done within 6 hours = 90% chance of testicular survival After 24 hours = 10% chance of testicular survival
32
What is intussusception
When one section of bowel telescopes into the other - usually the ileum into the caecum
33
Aetiology of intussusception
Incidence = 3 months - 2 years - Classically preceded by viral infection - CF - Lymphoma - Meckel's diverticulum
34
Sx of intussusception
- Episodes of colicky abdo pain - Legs draw up to chest - Sausage shaped mass in abdo Late sign = red current jelly stool
35
Diagnosis and Tx of intussusception
USS = target sign | abdo x ray = dilated proximal bower loops.
36
Tx of intussusception
- Rectal air insufflation | - Surgical correction
37
What is pyloric stenosis
Hypertrophy of the pylorus muscles leading to gastric outlet obstruction
38
Clinical presentation of pyloric stenosis
- Projectile vomiting shortly after feeds - non bilious vomit - hungry after vomit dehydration - Weight loss if left
39
Diagnosis and Ix of pyloric stenosis
Test feed - feel for an olive sized mass in RUQ USS - thickened pyloris Blood gas = hypochloraemic hypokaelaemic metabolic alkalosis
40
Tx for pyloric stenosis
Non urgent outpatient pyloromyotomy
41
Common causes of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC)
- Premature babies (RDS and hypoxia are RFs) | - Indomethacinn (given for PDA)
42
Clinical features of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC)
- Feed intolerance - Vomiting +/- bile staining - PR = fresh blood + mucus - Abdo distention - Taught shiny skin
43
Diagnosis and Ix for necrotising enterocolitis (NEC)
- FBC (platelets) - Blood cultures - Clotting screen - Abdo x ray (intramural air is pathognomonic) and dilated bowel loops)
44
Tx of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC)
1) Stop oral feeds 2) Antibiotics - cefotaxime and vancomycin 3) Laparotomy if rapid distention and sign of perforation
45
What is the most common cause of vomiting in infants
GORD
46
Aetiology of GORD
Immaturity of LOS Mostly liquid diet Mostly horizontal position
47
Clinical features of GORD
Persistent regurgitation and vomiting WITHOUT bile
48
Diagnosis and Ix for GORD
- Mostly clinical - ?red flags = refer to paeds - if severe Sx. do 24hr pH monitoring
49
Tx of GORD if minor/mild
Reassurance - smaller more frequent feeds and sitting upright straight after feeds Thickening agents in bottles - e.g. carobel
50
Tx of GORD if severe
PPI like omeprazole
51
Tx of GORD if very severe
If unresponsive to treatment and >1 year old = Nissen fundoplication.
52
What do you do if you suspect IgE mediated cows milk protein allergy
Skin prick weal - 4mm is positive
53
What do you do if you suspect non IgE mediated cows milk protein allergy
Temporary removal from diet then gradual re-introduction using milk ladder
54
Tx of cows milk protein allergy
If breastfed = mum removes milk from her diet If bottle-fed = extensively hydrolysed formula
55
Tx of constipation
- Reassurance - Ensure good hydration - Ensure good toilet habits - Osmotic laxative (Movicol) Then add stimulant laxative (Senna)
56
What is bronchiolitis and what is it caused by
A viral lower resp infection leading to inflammation of the bronchioles 80% is caused by respiratory syncytial virus
57
Clinical features of bronchiolitis
- Coryzal symptoms preceding a dry wheezy cough - Fever - Poor feeding - Tachypnoea - Signs of increased work of breathing (recessions, grunting, flaring)
58
Diagnosis and Ix for bronchiolitis
Mainly clinical Chest x ray to rule out pneumonia Can do PCR to confirm RSV is cause (uncommon)
59
What is the Tx for bronchiolitis
Supportive Humidified O2 NO indication for Abx, steroids or bronchodilators
60
Who are considered high risk in bronchiolitis and what is done to prevent them from catching it
High risk: - Congenital heart disease - CF - Prematurity Prevention = IV palivizumab
61
What is croup
A self-limiting upper respiratory tract infection Caused by parainfluenza virus
62
Clinical features of croup
- Barking cough - Inspiratory stridor - Hoarse voice - Increased work of breathing.
63
Treatment of croup
Reassurance One dose of oral or nebulised steroids If unresponsive to steroids = hospital for nebulized adrenaline and monitoring
64
Causes of epiglottitis
Haemophilus influenza most common cause (despite vaccine) Others = S.pyogenes and S.pneumoniae
65
Clinical features of epiglottitis
- Drooling - Tripod position - Muffled "hot potato" voice - Inspiratory stridor - Fever
66
Tx of epiglottitis
Immediate senior review DO NOT ATTEMPT TO EXAMINE THE AIRWAYS
67
What causes mumps
Paramyxovirus
68
Clinical features of mumps
Coryzal symptoms followed by parotid swelling | Ear ache
69
Name 3 common complications of mumps
1) Orchitis 2) Meningitis/encephalitis 3) Pancreatitis
70
Tx of mumps
- Rest - School exclusion for 7 days - Notify public health England
71
What causes measles
Morbillivirus
72
Clinical features of measles
2 stages: Catarrhal stage - cough, cranky, coryza and conjunctivitis Exanthematous stage - maculopapular rash with top to toe progression
73
Name the most common complication of measles
Otitis media
74
Diagnosis and Ix for measles
- Clinical diagnosis | - Saliva swab for measles IgM
75
Tx for measles
- Rest - Isolation for 5 days post onset of rash - Notify public health England
76
What causes rubella
Rubivirus
77
What are the clinical features of rubella
- Coryzal prodrome - Pink maculopapular rash - Lymphadenopathy (below eyes and behind ears particularly) - Arthralgia
78
Diagnosis and Ix for rubella
- Clinical | - Saliva swab for rubella IgM
79
Tx for rubella
- Rest - Isolation for 5 days post rash onset - Notify public health England
80
Why is it important to consider rubella with pregnant women
At <13/40 transmission to foetus is 80% - defects likely Once >16/40 this decreases to 25% but is unlikely to causes defects
81
What makes up the rubella congenital defects
- Sensorineural deafness - Cardiac abnormalities - Eye abnormalities including cataracts.
82
What causes slapped cheek virus
Parvovirus B19
83
Clinical features of parvovirus B19
- Coryzal prodrome - Fever - Malar (butterfly) rash Also common: - Glove and stocking erythema - Arthropathy in older kids
84
What causes hand, foot and mouth disease
Coxsackie virus (A16)
85
Tx of hand, foot and mouth disease
Supportive | No school exclusion needed
86
What causes tonsilitis
Majority viral Can be bacterial - S.pyogenes (group A beta haemolytic stre)
87
What makes up the Fever PAIN score and what does this score mean in practise
- Fever - Purulent tonsils - Attended rapidly (<3 days) - severely Inflamed tonsils - No cough or coryza Scores: 2-3 = 40% chance of strep 5-6 = 60% chance of strep
88
Tx for bacterial tonsilitis
1st line = phenoxymethylpenicillin for 7-10 days | clarithromycin if allergic

Phase 3a - SBA resit key points (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions