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Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

at what age should a baby smile?

A

5-8 weeks (6 weeks average)

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2
Q

At what age should a baby be able to sit unsupported?

A

6M

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3
Q

At what age should a baby have pincer grasp and be able to crawl?

A

9M

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4
Q

At what age should a baby be able to stand unsupported?

A

12M

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5
Q

At what age does it become a red flag if baby is not yet walking?

A

18M

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6
Q

what is the most likely cause of failure to thrive in the first 6M?

A

insufficient calories

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7
Q

what is the most likely cause of failure to thrive in the second 6M?

A

cows milk protein allergy

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8
Q

what is the most likely cause of failure to thrive in >1Y?

A

Endocrine

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9
Q

Name the structure that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the foetus’s liver

A

Umbilical vein

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10
Q

Name the structure that takes oxygenated blood from the foetal liver to the heart

A

ductus venosum

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11
Q

Name the structures that facilitate the shunting of blood in the heart

A

Ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale

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12
Q

What drug to you give to close the ductus arteriosus and which drug do you give to keep it open?

A

Give prostaglandin inhibitor (ibuprofen) to close PDA and PGE1 agonists to keep it open (in transposition of great arteries & coarctation

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13
Q

what is the x-ray sign seen in tetraology of fallot?

A

Boat shaped heart

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14
Q

If a baby is coping well, at what age should tetraology of fallot be surgically corrected?

A

6M

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15
Q

What are the 4 features associated with tetraology of fallot?

A
  1. Pulmonary stenosis
  2. Ventricular septal defect
  3. Right ventricular hypertrophy
  4. Overriding aorta
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16
Q

What is the most common renal pathology in children?

A

Minimal change disease

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17
Q

When would you expect to find an IgA nephropathy?

A

1-2 days after URTI.

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18
Q

When would you expect to see a Post-infectious glomerulonephritis

A

Occurs 7-10 days after throat infection

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19
Q

What investigation is used to assess for reflux in a child with a UTI?

A

voiding cystourethrogram

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20
Q

If reflux is detected on a voiding cystourethrogram, what is the next investigation and why

A

check for renal scarring with DMSA renal scan

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21
Q

What does a testicular blue spot indicate?

A

torsion of testicular appendix

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22
Q

How long do you need to wait to refer a child with a limp?

A

limping >2 weeks

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23
Q

Fat male teenager with hip pain. Diagnosis?

A

SUFE

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24
Q

What is perthe’s disease?

A

necrosis of femoral head.

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25
How long must symptoms persist before a diagnosis of JIA can be made?
>6weeks
26
What additional condition is associated with JIA?
Anterior uveitis
27
risk factors for DDH
breech, firstborn, girl
28
How is DDH managed?
Pavlik harness
29
which type of jaundice is considered pathological, conjugated or unconjugated?
Conjugated (Conjugated= Crap)
30
How long should you wait before investigating jaundice
if it persists >2 weeks in term baby and >3 weeks in preterm baby
31
Causes of jaundice in the 1st 24 hours of life
rhesus haemolytic disease ABO haemolytic disease hereditary spherocytosis glucose-6-phosphodehydrogenase
32
Causes of jaundice in first 2-14 days of life
often physiological (breakdown of foetal haemoglobin) Breastfeeding
33
Causes of jaundice after the first 14 days of life
biliary atresia hypothyroidism galactosaemia urinary tract infection breast milk jaundice congenital infection Prematurity
34
what is the name given to the condition where the baby is born with intestines outside of their body but within a sack
Exomphalos
35
what is the name given to the condition where the baby is born with intestines outside of their body but not within a sack
Gastroschisis
36
Which is associated with other abnormalities: Exomphalos or gastroschisis?
Exomphalos
37
Failure to move bowels in 1st 24hrs + visible peristalsis =
Hirsprungs
38
Projectile, non-bilious vomiting and an olive shaped mass =
Pyloric stenosis
39
Treatment of pyloric stenosis
Ramstedt’s pyloromyotomy .
40
green vomit, sausage shaped mass & redcurrant jelly stool =
Intussusception
41
What is the ultrasound scan sign for intrasussception
target sign
42
green vomiting & constipation =
Malrotation
43
What is malrotation with volvulus?
The gut twists and the blood supply gets cut off
44
volumous, no billious and non projectile vomits could be caused by...
overfeeding or cowns milk protein allergy
45
What condition is associated with meconium ileus?
Coeliacs
46
What condition causes the soap bubble sign on x-ray?
meconium ileus
47
Which condition causes the triple bubble sign on x-ray
Jejuno-ileal atresia
48
describe the management of inguinal hernias in babies <1 year and in babies >1 year
In babies <1 year old, urgent referral for surgical repair (do NOT watch and wait) In babies > 1 year, elective referral for repair
49
What is the most common childhood cancer?
ALL
50
Which electrolyte should you never give to an oncology patient and why
Potassium- due to tumour lysis syndrome
51
What is the first sign of puberty in girls
breast budding (tanner stage 2).
52
What is the average age of puberty onset in girls?
11
53
What is the first sign of puberty in boys?
testicular enlargement (tanner stage G2)
54
What is the average age that boys start puberty?
11.5
55
What drives growth between - 0-2 years - 3-11 years - 12-18 years
- 0-2 = nutrition & insulin - 3-11 = growth hormone & thyroxine - 12-18 = growth hormone & sex steroids
56
what pathogen causes cradle cap?
Malassezia in its yeast form.
57
What causes impetigo?
staph aureus.
58
What condition do you get grey spots in the mucosa?
Measles
59
In which condition do you get sandpaper rash & circumoral pallor
Scarlet fever
60
Which bacteria causes scarlet fever?
Group A strep pyogenes
61
Who must you inform if you have a patient with scarlet fever?
Public health
62
what is viral exanthems
skin rash associated with viral infection
63
which virus causes chicken pox?
Herpes zoster
64
When can kids with chicken pox go back to school?
When the lesions have crusted over (no longer infectious at this point)
65
Which pathogen causes slapped cheek?
Parvovirus B19
66
Which pathogen causes hand, foot and mouth?
cocksackie A16
67
Which pathogen causes eczema herpaticum
herpes
68
Which condition is associated with dermatitis herpatiformis?
Coeliac
69
What are the 2 most likely causes of sepsis / meningitis in the neonate?
E.coli Group B strep
70
What are the 2 most likely causes of sepsis / meningitis in an infant/child?
strep pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis
71
What causes staphylococcal scalded skin?
Exfoliatoxin mediated
72
What is staphylococcal scalded skin treated with?
IV Fluclox
73
What is Nikolsky sign?
Associated with staphylococcal scalded skin - rub over the skin and it will slough off
74
Which organisms can cause toxic shock syndrome?
Staph or strep
75
What does maternal smoking result in?
Small babies
76
give 3 conditions that a premature baby is at risk of
respiratory distress syndrome, necrotising enterocolitis & intraventricular haemorrhage
77
Is it normal not to pass urine in the first 24 hours of life?
Yes but after 24 hours, it should be investigated
78
What is neonatal abstinence syndrome
withdrawing from drugs that the mother was taking while pregnant
79
What scoring system is used in neonatal abstinence syndrome?
Finnegan score
80
name two tools used to assess development
ASQ (Ages and Stages Questionnaire) PEDS (Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status)

FINALS (all high yield study decks) (24 decks)

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