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Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered a neonate?

A

Up to one month

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2
Q

What % dehydration is considered mild, moderate and severe?

A

Mild 3-5
Moderate 6-9
Severe >10

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3
Q

Patient with asthma comes in with difficulty breathing, O2 sats are 94%- what is their diagnosis?

A

Moderate acute asthma (as sats >92)

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4
Q

Patient with asthma comes in with difficulty breathing, increased RR and HR, O2 sats are 91%- what is their diagnosis?

A

Severe acute asthma

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5
Q

Give 5 features of life threatening acute asthma?

A 
<92%
Silent chest
Cyanosis
Poor respiratory effort
Arrhythmia
Exhaustion
Altered consciousness
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6
Q

What is the blood gas/ electrolyte picture in a child with pyloric stenosis?

A

Hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (Raised pH, raised CO2 (compensation), raised bicarb, high base excess)

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7
Q

How to treat an acute exacerbation of asthma?

A

1) High flow oxygen (aim for sats of 94-98)
2) Neb SABA (Salbutamol)
3) Neb Ipratropium Bromide
4) Magnesium sulphate
5) Oral pred
- – Transport to PICU—
6) IV salbutamol
7) Aminophylline

Listen to lungs every hour until clear for 4 hours

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8
Q

After acute exacerbation what medication should patients be put on?

A

Send home with 3 days oral prednisone

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9
Q

What age does pyloric stenosis typically present?

A

3-6 weeks

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10
Q

Diagnose pyloric stenosis?

A

Blood panel
Feed and palpate olive mass in the abdomen
US abdomen

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11
Q

Treat pyloric stenosis?

A

Rehydrate

Ramstedt’s pylomyotomy (cut through thickened muscle)

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12
Q

How to estimate a child’s weight?

A

(Age + 4) *2

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13
Q

What size is a fluid bolus in a child? In what cases is this different?

A

20mg/kg

10ml/kh: DKA, trauma, heart failure

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14
Q

4 causes of wheeze in a child?

A

Asthma, bronchiolitis, viral induced wheeze, pneumonia

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15
Q

Treat someone with anaphylaxis?

A 
ABCDE
IM adrenaline
IV hydrocortisone 
IV fluids
IV Chlorphenamine (antihistamine)
Oral antihistamines
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16
Q

Causative organism for bronchiolitis

A

RSV

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17
Q

What antibiotic to treat pertussis

A

Macrolide eg. Clarythromycin

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18
Q

Most common mutation in CF?

A

CTFR gene on chromosome 7

ΔF508

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19
Q

What is the difference between a phoria and a tropia?

A

Phoria: there all the time
Tropia: Only apparent when one eye covered

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20
Q

Treat biliary atresia?

A

Kasai procedure

Many end up with liver transplant

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21
Q

Signs of hypothroid in a neonate

A

Puffy, jaundiced, floppy, protruding tounge

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22
Q

What is cretinism?

A

Uncorrected hypothyroid- leads to low IQ and short stature

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23
Q

What is chronic lung disease of prematurity/ bronchopulmonary dysplasia?

A

Oxygen requirements after 36 weeks

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24
Q

What is a Caput succedaneum?

A

Swelling of the head- crosses the sutures, caused by edema

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25
What is cephalohaematoma?
Blood between skull and periosteum- doesn't cross the sutures Can cause jaundice
26
Treat hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy?
Therapeutic Hypothermia 33-35 degrees for 72 hours
27
Treat bacterial tonsillitis?
Pen V + ibuprophen
28
How many veins/ arteries are in the placenta?
2 arteries, 1 vein
29
2 causes of rash in a neonate
Erythema toxicum (reaction to air) Herpes Adams-Oliver syndrome
30
Complication of tonsillitis?
Peritonsillar abscess
31
2 symptoms and how to treat cows milk protein allergy?
Colic, Gord, blood in stool | Hydrolysed formula
32
What does TORCH stand for?
``` Toxoplasmosis Other (HIV, syphillis, varicella, fifth disease) Rubella CMV Herpes ```
33
Risk of varicella in first trimester of pregnancy?
Fetal scarring, abnormalities
34
Treatment of varicella in first 2 weeks of life?
Risk of death! | Acyclovir
35
Diagnosis and treatment of HSP?
Clinical diagnosis Supportive Monitor kidney function NSAIDs for pain
36
What is CHARGE syndrome?
Inherited genetic disorder ``` Coloboma Heart defects Atresia of the chonae (nasal change) Retardation of growth/ development Genital abnormality Ear abnormality/ deafness ```
37
What is VACTERYL association?
Related birth defects 50% with TOF have another abnormality ``` Vertebral anomalies Anal atresia Cardiovascular anomaly TOF Esophageal atresia Renal abnormality Limb defects ```
38
What can those at high risk of bronchiolitis be given?
Palivuzimab- RSV vaccine
39
Treat sickle cell?
Hydroxycarbamide- produce fetal haemoglobin
40
What is included in the Centor criteria?
``` Risk that tonsillitis is bacterial Exudate Cervical lymphadenopathy No cough Fever ```
41
Antibiotic for meningococcal septicaemia?
Cefotaxime
42
3 Main cause of meningitis in <3 months
GBC Ecoli Listeria Herpes simplex
43
3 main causes of meningitis in >3 months
Meningococcus, pneumococcus
44
Difference in LP of someone with viral vs bacterial meningitis
Viral: Raised lymphocytes Bacterial: Neutrophils, high protein, low glucose
45
Main cause of osteomyelitis?
S. Aureus
46
Antibiotic for sepsis in a child?
IV cefuroxime
47
Treat ringworm?
Iraconazole
48
Complication of measles?
Encephalitis
49
Criteria for Kawasaki disease?
``` Crash + burn Conjunctivitus Rash Adenopathy Strawberry tongue (mucosal involvement) Hands (erythema) Fever >5 days ```
50
Treat Kawasaki disease?
IvIG | Aspirin
51
Defect in Fragile X?
Aortic root dilation
52
Can't pass NG tube- what are you thinking?
Oesophagel atresia
53
Finding on MRI in intersusseption?
Bullseye
54
Treat intersusseption?
Air enema in the rectum
55
What is imprinting?
Methylation to turn off genes
56
What happens if there is imprinting of a) the paternal gene or b) the maternal gene on chromosome 15
a) Prader will | b) Angelman's
57
Symptoms of Angelman's?
Inappropriate laughter, seizures, speech delay
58
What is not produced properly in Duchenne?
Dystrophin
59
What is meant by esophoria (latent)?
One eye drifts in but only when you cover the other one
60
What is meant by exotropia (manifest)?
Can see misalignment- eye points out all of the time
61
By what age should a baby not have a squint?
3 months
62
How to diagnose a squint?
Corneal light reflex test Manifest: Cover test- cover good eye, the other eye will move Latent: Cover/ uncover test- Bad eye will drift under the cover, on removing the cover the eye will straighten
63
How to manage a squint?
Occlusion of good eye using a eye patch Penalisation (blur good eye using atropine) Injection of botulinum toxin Surgery
64
What is a consequence of not correcting a squint?
Amblyopia (lazy eye)
65
What is faltering growth?
Fall across 2 centiles on a growth chart
66
What is CHARGE syndrome?
``` Coloboma Heart defect Atresia of the choanae Retardation of growth and development Genital abnormality Ear defect/ hearing loss ```
67
What is VACTERL association?
``` Vertebral abnormality Anal atresia Cardiac abnormality TOF Esophageal atresia Renal abnormality Limb deformity ```
68
What 3 things do those with aport syndrome get? How is it inherited?
Kidney disease Hearing loss Eye abnormality X linked
69
Treat pertussis?
Clarythromycin
70
Triad in HUS?
Haemolytic anaemia Low platelets AKI
71
3 types of cerebral palsy?
Ataxic Athetoid/ dyskinetic Spastic
72
Types of spastic cerebral palsy and what do they affect?
Hemiplegia- half of body Diplegia- legs Quadriplegia- all 4 limbs
73
What causes HSP?
Antigen-antibody IgA deposition causes inflammation of blood vessels
74
Criteria for differentiating a septic hip?
Kocher Fever Raised WBC Raised ESR
75
Treat transient synovitis?
NSAIDs
76
3 causes of cerebral palsy?
Antenatal: Cerebral malformation, congenital infection Intrapartum: Asphyxiation Post partum: Intraventricular haemorrhage, head trauma, meningitis
77
Treat cerebral palsy?
treat spasticity: Oral diazepam, baclofen, botulinum
78
5 day fever followed by 2 day rash- cause?
Herpes virus 6 (Roseola infantum)

Phase 3a (2 decks)

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