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Paeds Flashcards

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1
Q

Croup is caused by which pathogen?

A

Parainfluenza virus

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2
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus leads to which paediatric illness?

A

Bronchiolitis

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3
Q

What is the treatment for croup?

A

Single dose dexamethasone
In emergency: high flow O2 & nebulised adrenaline

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4
Q

What investigation is important to screen for a potential complication of Kawasaki disease?

A

ECHO (due to risk of coronary artery aneurysm)

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5
Q

When is the heel prick test performed?

A

Between 5 to 9 days old

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6
Q

What is the management of cows milk protein intolerance?

A

If formula fed, switch to extensively hydrolysed formula
If breast fed, continue breast feeding and eliminate cows milk from maternal diet

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7
Q

What are the development milestones for a baby to: hold its head, sit, crawl and walk?

A

Rule of 3’s
3 month head support
6 month sit
9 month crawl
12 month walk

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8
Q

What is the treatment for Scarlet fever?

A

10 days Penicillin V

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of cyanosis congenital heart disease?

A

Tetralogy of fallot
Typically presents at 1-2 months

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10
Q

What are the 4 key features of tetralogy of Fallot?

A

VSD
Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Overriding aorta

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11
Q

Is transposition of the great arteries a cyanotic or acyanotic congenital heart defect?

A

Cyanotic

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12
Q

What dose of IM benzoyl penicillin is used for pre hospital management of suspected meningococcal septicaemia?

A

<1yr 300mg
1-10yr 600mg
>10yr 1200mg

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13
Q

Whooping cough is caused by which bacteria?

A

Bordtella pertussis

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14
Q

What is the treatment for whooping cough?

A

Notifiable disease
Oral macrolide is onset within 21 days (clarithromycin, azithromycin, erythromycin)
Does not alter course of illness but reduces the spread

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15
Q

Which heart abnormality is Turners syndrome associated with?

A

Bicuspid aortic valve

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16
Q

What is androgen sensitivity syndrome?

A

X linked recessive
Genetically male child (46XY) with a female phenotype
(Will have amenorrhoea & undescended testes)

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17
Q

How does gastroschisis differ from exomphalos?

A

Examphalos (omphalocoele) is protrusion of abdominal contents through the umbilical ring, covered by a thin membrane

Gastroschisis is when abdominal contents slips out lateral to the umbilicus with no membrane covering

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18
Q

What is the difference between caput succedaneum and cephalohaematoma?

A

Both head swellings present in newborns
Caput succedaneum due to pressure during birth, present at birth crosses suture lines, resolves in ~48 hrs
Cephalohaematoma, doesn’t cross suture lines, takes months to resolve

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19
Q

Koplik spots are associated with what?

A

Measles, white spots in mouth

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20
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

Congenital obstruction of the colon due to absence of ganglion cells, presents with failure to pass meconium within 24hrs of birth (& abdominal distension & bilious vomiting)

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21
Q

What is the gold standard investigation to diagnose Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

Rectal biopsy

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22
Q

What is the next step to manage a child’s asthma not controlled with beclometasone and PRN salbutamol?

A

Aged 5-16
Add a leukotriene receptor antagonist eg monteleukast
(Whereas in adults next step is to add LABA)

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23
Q

Redcurrant jelly stool in children is characteristic of what condition?

A

Intussusception
(Small bowel telescopes into itself, USS shows target sign)

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24
Q

What is the treatment for intussusception?

A

Barium enema

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25
What is the treatment for threadworms?
Treat whole household with single dose mebendazole
26
What is the inheritance pattern of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
X linked recessive
27
What is the recommended doses for paediatric IM benzylpenicillin if suspected meningitis?
<1y/o: 300mg 1-10y/o: 600mg >10y/o: 1200mg
28
Turner’s syndrome is due to which karyotype?
45XO
29
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome is most commonly caused by what bacteria?
Shiga toxin producing E Coli (STEC)
30
What triad would haemolytic uraemic present with?
Haemolytic anaemia Thrombocytopenia AKI
31
A baby with a patent ductus arteriosus will present with what type of murmur?
Continuous machine like murmur (Bounding pulse and widened pulse pressure)
32
What drug can be given to a baby with a patent ductus arteriosus?
Indomethacin or ibuprofen (inhibit prostaglandin synthesis to close the connection)
33
What is the chromosomal abnormality in Turner’s syndrome?
45XO
34
What are some features of Turners syndrome?
Short stature Webbed neck Widely spaced nipples Bicuspid aortic valves High arched palate Primary amenorrhoea Also increased rates of autoimmune disease
35
What are some features of fragile X syndrome?
Learning difficulty Long face and ears Large testes
36
Trisomy 18 is known as what syndrome?
Edward’s syndrome
37
What are some features of Kawasaki disease?
Fever for >5 days Oedema / desquamation of hands & feet Strawberry tongue Bilateral conjunctivitis Cervical lymphadenopathy Polymorphic rash
38
Turners syndrome is associated with which heart defect?
Bicuspid aortic valve (ejection systolic murmur)
39
The genetic defect 45XO is known as what syndrome?
Turner’s syndrome
40
Congenital inguinal hernias are more common on which side?
Right side Present due to a patent processus vaginalis Need surgical repair due to risk of incarceration
41
A child should be able to combine 2 words by what age?
2 years old
42
Newborns in the UK are often vitamin K to protect against what?
Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn (due to vitamin K deficiency common in neonates, especially if breastfed)
43
Which murmur is heard in patent ductus arteriosus?
Continuous machinery like murmur
44
What is the inheritance pattern of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
X linked recessive
45
What is the next step of asthma management if not controlled with SABA + ICS + LTRA in children?
If < 5 y/o: Stop the LTRA and refer to specialist If 5-16y/o: Stop the LTRA and add LABA (Whereas in adults the LTRA is continued)
46
What is the treatment for Enterobius vermicularis?
Aka threadworms Treat with mebendazole single dose, consider for all household
47
Cystic fibrosis is due to a defect on which chromosome?
Chromosome 7
48
What pathogen causes Scarlot fever?
Strep pyogenes
49
What pathogen causes Roseola?
HHV6 or 7
50
At what age should a child be able to sit without support?
7-8 months Refer if not achieved by 12 months
51
What is the treatment for meningitis in a children < 3 months old?
Cefotaxime plus amoxicillin (to cover for Listeria) (If > 3 months then just cefotaxime or ceftriaxone)
52
What is erythema infectiosum caused by?
Parvovirus B19 aka slapped cheek syndrome
53
What is the typical CXR findings in transient tachypnoea of the newborn?
Hyper inflated lungs with fluid in the horizontal fissure
54
What triad is seen in congenital rubella syndrome?
Deafness Blindness Congenital heart defects
55
Which childhood rash classically occurs 1-2 weeks after a high febrile illness?
Roseola (Caused by HHV6/7)
56
Koplik spots of pathognomonic of which infection?
Measles
57
A what age would you refer a child for being unable to walk unsupported?
18 months
58
What is the classic electrolyte imbalance in pyloric stenosis?
Hypochloraemic hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis
59
A what age does a child smile?
6 weeks
60
A what age does a child laugh?
3 months
61
At what age can a child run?
2 years old

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