Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Rabiah's 3a > Paeds > Flashcards

Paeds Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Bac Meningitis Ix and Tx for children?

Different for < 3 and > 3 months

A

Stat IM benpen if in community

Blood cultures, LP, meningococcal PCR

If in hospital:
< 3 months old = IV cefotaximine + IV amox

> 3 months old = IV ceftriaxone (+ poss dexamethasone)

Inform public health

Single dose ciprofloxacin as post-exposure prophylaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Encephalitis Ix and tx

A

1) LP to send CSF for PCR testing
CT if LP contraindicated (active seizures, hemodynamically unstable)
2) MRI
HIV testing for all

Aciclovir for herpes and VZV
Ganciclovir for CMV
Repeat LP to ensure successful tx before antivirals are stopped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of rash with toxic shock syndrome

A

Diffuse, erythematous macular rash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes Scarlet Fever

A

Strep. Pyogenes (group A haemolytic streptococci)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Scarlet fever tx

A

Oral benpen for 10 days
Notify public health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome triad

A

AKI, normocytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Whooping cough Ix

A

Nasal-pharyngeal swab with pertussis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Whooping cough Tx

A

Macrolide e.g. clarithro for 2 weeks
Prophylactic abx to close contacts
Isolation for 21 days after symptom onset or 5 days after abx
Report to PHE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Whooping cough organism

A

Bordetella Pertussis (gram -ve bacillus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hirschsprung’s diagnostic Ix

A

GOLD = rectal suction bopsy testing for ganglionic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Kallman’s syndrome’s pathophysiology and mode of inheritence

A

Failure of GnRH-secreting neurons to migrate to hypothalamus

X-linked recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Kallman’s syndrome pres

A
  • Delayed puberty
  • Lack of smell (anosmia) - mann you can’t smell
  • Low testo, LH, FSH (all of them)
  • Clef lip/palate
  • Visual/ hearing defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Kallman’s tx

A

Testo or gonadotrophin supplementation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Congen Adrenal Hyperplasia pathophysiology and mode of inheritance

A

21-hydroxylase def causing underproduction of aldosterone and cortisol, and prog gets turned into testo = overproduction of testo

Autosomal recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CAH pres

A
  • Females with virilized genitalia
  • Low Na, K, hypoglycaemia
  • Poor feeding, vomiting, dehydration
  • Arrhthmias
  • Hyperpigmentation
  • Females = tall, facial hair, absent periods, deep voice, early puberty
  • Males = tall, deep voice, early puberty, large penis, small testicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CAH tx

A
  • Coristol replacement (hydrocortisone)
  • Aldosterone replacement (fludrocortisone)
  • Surgery if needed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Distinguishing between CAH and PCOS?

A

17-hydroxyprog levels

normal = PCOS
high = CAH (bc lack of 21-hydroxylase, so prog isn’t getting used up as much)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome mode of inheritance

A

x-linked recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Androgen Insensitivity syndrome pres

A

Extra androgens get turned into oestrogen (basc opposite of CAH right, bc then the prog gets turned into testo, here its going to oestrogen)

Genetically male (46XY), but with external female phenotype (genitalia, breasts) but no internal uterus, tubes, ovaries, etc.

Testes present in inguinal canal or abdo, producing Anti-mullerian hormone as usual

Lack of pubic, facial hair
Lack of muscles
Taller than average
Infertile
Often present in infancy with inguinal hernias containing testes, or primary amenorrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome increases risk of what cancer

A

Testicular (therefore, remove testes - bilateral orchidectomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Neuroblastoma pathophysiology

A

tumour arising from neural crest tissue in adrenal medulla and sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neuroblastoma pres

A

< 5 years old

  • Abd mass
  • Pallor, weight loss
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Bone pain, limp
  • Cervical lymphadenopathy
  • Periorbital bruising
  • Skin nodules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

neuroblastoma ix

A
  • RAISED urinary catecholamine levels
  • biopsy
  • bone marrow sampling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Wilm’s tumour pres and Ix

A

Most common renal tumour <5 years old

  • LARGE ABD MASS found incidentally in a well child
  • 1st Ix = US
  • Gold = biopsy/ histology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Osteosarcoma area
Metaphyseal region of long bones prior to epiphyseal closure radiographs show Codman triange (area of new subperiosteol bone) with sunburst appearance
26
Ewings Ix
Xray showing onion skin appearance
27
Osteosarcoma associated with hx of?
Retinoblastoma
28
What indicates if a retinoblastoma is hereditary?
If it is bilateral - it is autosomal dominant (chromosome 13)
29
Retinoblastoma key pres
White pupillary reflex (leukocoria) replaces red one Squint
30
Key blood test finding suggesting hepatoblastoma
Raised a-fetoprotein
31
Osteogenesis imperfecta pathophysiology and mode of inheritance
Autosomal dominant Genetic mutation affecting the formation of collagen, resulting in brittle bones susceptible to fractures
32
Osteogenesis imperfecta pres
- Recurrent, inappropriate fractures - Hypermobility - Triangular face - Easy bruising - Grey/blue sclera - Deafness from early adulthood - Dental problems - Barrel shaped rib cage - Short/ skinny
33
Osteogenesis imperfecta tx
Bisphosphonates, vit D supplementation, physio
34
What level of 25-hydroxyvit D establishes diagnosis of rickets
<25 nmol/L
35
rickets pres
- bowing of legs (legs curving outwards) in toddlers - knock knees in older - rachitic rosary (ends of ribs expand causing lumps on chest) - craniotabes (soft skull, delayed closure of sutures) - kyphoscoliosis - harrison's sulcus - delayed teeth - widening of joints
36
prevention and tx of rickets
prevent - 400 IU vit D supplements tx - ergocalciferol (vit D) + calcium supplements
37
THC IS SO GOOD
0-5 = Toddler's fracture, Haemophilia A (hemoarthrisis), Congenital hip dysplasia 5-10 = Idiopathic femoral head (Perthe's), transient Synovitis 10-15 = Slipped upper femoral epiphysis, OsGOOD shlatters
38
Typical RF for osteomyelitis
males < 10 yrs open bone fractures orthopaedic surgery immunocomprised sickle cell anaemia HIV TB
39
osteomyelitis vs septic arthritis: infections of...?
osteomyelitis = infection of bone septic arthritis = infection of cartilage and synovial fluid
40
causes of septic arthritis: most common? in sexually active teenagers? other cause?
staph aureus neisseria gonorrhoea group A strep (pyogenes)
41
causes of osteomyelitis: most common? patients with sickle cell?
staph aureus salmonella
42
perthe's ix
xray (poss normal) blood tests, inflam markers technetium bone scan
43
perthe's pathophysiology
disruption of blood flow to epiphysis of femur (head) causing avascular necrosis
44
slipped upper femoral epiphysis typical RF
obese, adolescent male undergoing growth spurt
45
slipped upper femoral epiphysis sign
wanting to keep hip in external rotation, with restricted internal rotation
46
transient synovitis typical onset
after a viral URTI
47
DDH RF
- fhx - breech pres 36 weeks onwards - high birth weight - oligohydramnios - female - multiple preg
48
DDH tx
pavlik harness if baby < 6 months, kept on permanently surgery if > 6 months
49
Barlow's test
attempts to dislocate articulated femoral head (like a wheelbarrow, aggressive, dislocating)
50
Ortolani test
attempts to relocate dislocated femoral head
51
JIA diagnosis made when
arthritis without any other cause for > 6 weeks in pts < 16 yrs
52
JIA pres
- salmon-pink rash - high swinging fever - enlarged lymph nodes - weight loss - joint pain and inflam - splenomegaly - muscle pain
53
polyarticular vs oligoarticular JIA
poly = 5 joints or more oligo = 4 joints or less
54
what is the most common JIA and what are the classic features
oligoarticular JIA - girls < 6 yrs - larger joints affected (knees, ankles, elbows) - anterior uveitis (refer to optho)
55
how does enthesitis related arthritis present
male children > 6 yrs HLA-B27 gene possible signs of psioriasis or IBD
56
Absence seizure tx
1st = ethosuximide 2nd = male - sodium val, female - lamotrigine or levetiracetam avoid carbamazepine
57
myoclonic seizures tx
males - sodium val females - levetiracetam
58
tonic or atonic seizures
males - sodium val females - lamotrigine
59
seizures ix
always refer for specialist review before any drugs 1st EEG 2nd MRI
60
Acute lympho leukaemia blood tests + corresponding pres
- anaemia (lethargy, pallor) - neutropenia (frequent or severe infections) - thrombocytopenia (easy bruising, petechiae)
61
how do these types of cerebral palsy pres: - spastic - dyskinetic - ataxic
spastic - increased tone, either hemi, di or quadriplegia dyskinetic - oro-motor (drooling, trouble feeding) + athetoid movements (slow writhing movements of hand and feet) ataxic - cerebellar signs
62
3-5 yrs old child non-blanching purpuric rash on legs + buttocks abd or joint pain
IgA small cell vasculitis - HSP
63
Croup organism
Parainfluenza virus
64
Croup tx
single dose dexamethasone 0.15mg/kg immediately regardless of severity + nebulised adrenaline
65
croup most common complication
otitis media
66
bronchiolitis prophylaxis
palvizumab monthly vaccine
67
what can happen after taking amoxicillin
morbilliform eruption - a drug-induced generalized maculopap rash
68
Asthma >5yrs management (7 steps)
1: SABA PRN - Salbutamol 2: Add LOW DOSE (<200mg) ICS Preventer therapy – Budesonide, Beclomethasone 3: Add LTRA - Montelukast 4: Remove LTRA, Add LABA - Salmeterol 5: Switch ICS/LABA for ICS MART: Formoterol and ICS 6: Add a separate LABA 7: High dose ICS (>400mcg), referral
69
Asthma <5yrs management (4 steps)
1: SABA PRN - Salbutamol 2: SABA + 8 week trial of MODERATE DOSE (200-400mg) ICS, after stopping, if symptoms reoccur within 4 weeks, restart ICS as low-dose maintenance therapy 3: SABA + low dose ICS + LTRA 4: Stop LTRA and refer to specialist
70
saba via spacer dose
up to 10 puffs every 4 hrs
71
newborn resus steps
- dry / wrap, stimulate, keep warm - assess colour, tone, breathing, HR - ensure open airway - if not breathing - 5 inflations - re-assess - consider CPAP, head/jaw position, suction, etc - if HR not detected, 3:1 compressions to ventilation Increase o2 to 100% - Consider intubation - Re-assess every 30 seconds - Vascular access and drugs
72
resp distress syndrome typical pres
premature baby diabetic mother
73
What signs are seen in transient tachy of newborn and what is a RF
hyperinflation lungs fluid in horizontal fissure c section is a RF
74
CF pres
chronic cough thick sputum steatorrhoea abd pain + bloating salty tasting failure to thrive nasal polyps clubbing crackles and wheezes congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (male infertility) meconium ileus
75
CF ix
- screened day 5-9 after birth with newborn bloodspot test showing raised IRT - gold = sweat test >60mmol/L - genetic test CFTR gene via amniocentesis during preg
76
CF tx if homozygous for delta F508 mutation
lumacaftor / lycaftor (orkambi)
77
APGAR score includes
Appearance (colour) Pulse (HR) Grimace (reflex irritability) Activity (tone) Respiration
78
what does TORCH stand for
Toxoplasma gondii Other (treponema pallidum, VZV, parvovirus B19, HIV) Rubella CMV HSv
79
how could rubella in a mother and infant pres
lympadenopathy polyarthritis rashes congenital rubella syndrome = deafness, clouding of eyes (cataracts), loss of bilateral fundal reflexes, rash, heart defects
79
Congenital CMV pres
Can't hear Microcephaly (CMV) chorioretinitis seizures intracranial calcifications
80
GORD tx
1-2 weeks alginate therapy (Gaviscon), reduce vol feeds/ more frequent If 1-2 yrs old with persistent heartburn/ pain - 4 week trial PPI or H2RA
81
appendicitis pres
murphy's triad - low grade fever, nausea/vomiting, RIF pain pain worse on coughing, can't hop onto right leg due to pain Rovsing's sign - palpation of LIF causes pain in RIF tenderness at McBurney's point on palpation
82
appendicitis ix
1st US gold CT
83
meckel's diverticulum pres + ix
RLQ pain rectal bleeding 1-2 yrs old obstruction due to intussusception + volvulus technetium scan
84
what are the four Fs of toddler diarrhoea
Fat (give them a higher fat diet) Fluid (avoid excessive) Fruit juices (limit, fructose absorption is poor in children) Fibre (increase)
85
jaundice ix in newborns
Transcutaneous bilirubinometry if >35 weeks gest + baby is >24 hrs
86
what is kernicterus + how is it treated
bilirubin induced encephalopathy and irreversible neurological damage: > 360umol/L risk of cerebal palsy, etc. tx = exchange transfusion
87
Neonatal hypoglycaemia cut off
<2.6mmol/L
88
if very hypo, e.g. <1mmol/L, how do you treat
admit to neonatal unit and give IV 10% dextrose regardless of if symptomatic or not

Rabiah's 3a (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions