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Question 1

What is the gestational age for a term newborn?

Answer 1

37 to 42 weeks AOG.

Question 2

What is the gestational age for a preterm newborn?

Answer 2

Less than 37 weeks AOG.

Question 3

What is the gestational age for a postterm newborn?

Answer 3

Greater than 42 weeks AOG.

Question 4

What age range defines a neonate?

Answer 4

Birth to 28 days.

Question 5

What period in childhood has the highest mortality rate?

Answer 5

The neonatal period.

Question 6

When is the greatest risk of mortality for a neonate?

Answer 6

In the first several days after birth.

Question 7

What is the 1st priority for a newborn after birth?

Answer 7

Initiation and maintenance of respirations.

Question 8

What is the 2nd priority for a newborn after birth?

Answer 8

Establishment of extrauterine circulation.

Question 9

What is the 3rd priority for a newborn after birth?

Answer 9

Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance.

Question 10

What is the 4th priority for a newborn after birth?

Answer 10

Control of body temperature.

Question 11

What is the 5th priority for a newborn after birth?

Answer 11

Intake of adequate nourishment.

Question 12

What is the 6th priority for a newborn after birth?

Answer 12

Establishment of waste elimination.

Question 13

What is the 7th priority for a newborn after birth?

Answer 13

Prevention of infection.

Question 14

What is the 8th priority for a newborn after birth?

Answer 14

Establishment of an infant–parent/caregiver relationship.

Question 15

What is the 9th priority for a newborn after birth?

Answer 15

Institution of developmental care.

Question 16

How soon should respirations be established after birth?

Answer 16

Immediately.

Question 17

What can develop by 2 minutes without respirations?

Answer 17

Severe acidosis.

Question 18

What factors put a newborn at risk for acidosis at birth?

Answer 18

Asphyxia in utero

Question 19

What happens if fetal circulatory shunts fail to close?

Answer 19

Persistent right-to-left shunting.

Question 20

What are the 3 main steps of newborn resuscitation?

Answer 20

(a) establish airway
(b) expand the lungs
(c) initiate and maintain effective ventilation

Question 21

When are chest compressions done in a newborn?

Answer 21

If HR is below 60 bpm.

Question 22

What is often enough to initiate breathing in a term newborn?

Answer 22

Warming

Question 23

How is a newborn positioned if they fail to breathe?

Answer 23

Sniffing position under a radiant warmer.

Question 24

Do meconium-stained newborns who are breathing need suctioning?

Answer 24

No suctioning is needed if they are breathing well.

Question 25

What if the meconium-stained newborn has poor tone and breathing?

Answer 25

Resuscitation and positive pressure ventilation.

Question 26

When is mechanical suctioning indicated?

Answer 26

Only if there is an obstruction.

Question 27

What is primary apnea in a newborn?

Answer 27

Pause in breathing > 20 seconds with bradycardia.

Question 28

What follows primary apnea?

Answer 28

Secondary apnea and asphyxia.

Question 29

What does a crying newborn indicate?

Answer 29

Good lung expansion.

Question 30

What rate should bag and mask ventilation be administered?

Answer 30

40 to 60 breaths per minute.

Question 31

How should oxygen be delivered to a newborn?

Answer 31

Warmed (32°–34°C) and humidified (60%–80%).

Question 32

What is an orogastric tube used for in newborn resuscitation?

Answer 32

To deflate the stomach and improve ventilation.

Question 33

What tool monitors oxygen saturation in a newborn?

Answer 33

Pulse oximetry.

Question 34

Is skin color a reliable indicator of oxygenation?

Answer 34

No

Question 35

What are early signs of respiratory compromise?

Answer 35

Increased RR

Question 36

How should the newborn be positioned for optimal breathing?

Answer 36

On their back with the mattress head elevated 15°.

Question 37

When should chest compressions be started?

Answer 37

If HR is < 60 bpm.

Question 38

How are chest compressions performed on a newborn?

Answer 38

Thumbs on sternum

Question 39

When should compressions be stopped?

Answer 39

If HR rises > 60 bpm but continue ventilations if HR < 100 bpm.

Question 40

What causes hypoglycemia after resuscitation?

Answer 40

Increased glucose utilization during breathing effort.

Question 41

What IV fluid is given for hypoglycemia?

Answer 41

10% dextrose in water.

Question 42

What indicates inadequate fluid intake?

Answer 42

Urine output < 2 ml/kg/hr or specific gravity > 1.015–1.020.

Question 43

What are signs of hypovolemia?

Answer 43

Tachypnea

Question 44

How is hypovolemia treated?

Answer 44

Isotonic solution and vasopressors like dopamine.

Question 45

Why keep a newborn in a neutral thermal environment?

Answer 45

To minimize metabolic demands.

Question 46

What happens if a newborn gets too cold?

Answer 46

Increased O2 demand → hypoxia → acidosis → kernicterus.

Question 47

What methods prevent hypothermia?

Answer 47

Cap

Question 48

How are premature newborns fed initially?

Answer 48

Gavage or gastrostomy.

Question 49

Why is breast milk preferred?

Answer 49

Provides immune protection.

Question 50

What is a benefit of pacifier use?

Answer 50

Reduces the risk of SIDS.

Question 51

Who should NOT use a pacifier?

Answer 51

Infants too immature to suck or awaiting surgery for TEF.

Question 52

What is expected within 24 hours of birth?

Answer 52

Voiding and stool passage.

Question 53

What does urination during resuscitation suggest?

Answer 53

Improved kidney perfusion and BP.

Question 54

What infections are contracted in utero?

Answer 54

Cytomegalovirus Toxoplasmosis

Question 55

What perinatal infections occur during birth?

Answer 55

HSV-2

Question 56

What pathogens cause early-onset sepsis?

Answer 56

GBS

Question 57

What pathogens cause late-onset infections?

Answer 57

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 58

How can bonding be encouraged in NICU?

Answer 58

Orient parents

Question 59

What defines prematurity?

Answer 59

Birth before 37 weeks or weight < 2500 g.

Question 60

What race has the highest rate of prematurity?

Answer 60

African American infants.

Question 61

What complications are premature infants at risk for?

Answer 61

RDS

Question 62

What factors increase prematurity risk?

Answer 62

Poor nutrition

Question 63

How do preterm infants typically look?

Answer 63

Small

Question 64

What reflexes are diminished in preterm infants?

Answer 64

Sucking

Question 65

What is anemia of prematurity?

Answer 65

Normochromic

Question 66

What can cause kernicterus?

Answer 66

High indirect bilirubin and acidosis.

Question 67

What is a treatment for PDA?

Answer 67

Indomethacin or ibuprofen.

Question 68

What is intraventricular hemorrhage?

Answer 68

Bleeding due to fragile cerebral vasculature.

Question 69

What defines a postterm infant?

Answer 69

Born after 42 weeks gestation.

Question 70

What are signs of postterm syndrome?

Answer 70

Dry

Question 71

What complications can postterm infants face?

Answer 71

Hypoglycemia

Question 72

What causes SGA?

Answer 72

Placental insufficiency

Question 73

How does an SGA baby appear?

Answer 73

Wasted

Question 74

What is the primary risk in infants of diabetic mothers?

Answer 74

Hypoglycemia.

Question 75

What congenital malformations are common in infants of diabetic mothers?

Answer 75

Cardiac defects

Question 76

What is macrosomia?

Answer 76

Birth weight > 4000g.

Question 77

What complication is common with macrosomia?

Answer 77

Birth trauma.

Question 78

What is hyperbilirubinemia?

Answer 78

Excessive bilirubin in the blood.

Question 79

What is physiologic jaundice?

Answer 79

Jaundice that occurs after 24 hours of birth.

Question 80

What is pathologic jaundice?

Answer 80

Jaundice that occurs within the first 24 hours.

Question 81

What is kernicterus?

Answer 81

Bilirubin-induced brain dysfunction.

Question 82

How is hyperbilirubinemia treated?

Answer 82

Phototherapy.

Question 83

What is the purpose of phototherapy?

Answer 83

Convert bilirubin to a water-soluble form.

Question 84

What is RDS?

Answer 84

Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

Question 85

What causes RDS?

Answer 85

Lack of surfactant.

Question 86

What are symptoms of RDS?

Answer 86

Grunting

Question 87

How is RDS treated?

Answer 87

Surfactant replacement therapy.

Question 88

What is NEC?

Answer 88

Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

Question 89

What causes NEC?

Answer 89

Intestinal ischemia and bacterial invasion.

Question 90

What are signs of NEC?

Answer 90

Abdominal distension

Question 91

How is NEC treated?

Answer 91

Bowel rest

Question 92

What is BPD?

Answer 92

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

Question 93

What causes BPD?

Answer 93

Prolonged oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation.

Question 94

What is IVH?

Answer 94

Intraventricular Hemorrhage.

Question 95

What are signs of IVH?

Answer 95

Bulging fontanelle

Question 96

What is ROP?

Answer 96

Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Question 97

What causes ROP?

Answer 97

Abnormal retinal vascular development due to oxygen therapy.

Question 98

How is ROP managed?

Answer 98

Regular eye exams

Question 99

What is sepsis neonatorum?

Answer 99

Neonatal sepsis.

Question 100

What are signs of neonatal sepsis?

Answer 100

Temperature instability

Question 101

How is neonatal sepsis treated?

Answer 101

IV antibiotics.

Question 102

What is TTN?

Answer 102

Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn.

Question 103

What causes TTN?

Answer 103

Delayed clearance of fetal lung fluid.

Question 104

What are signs of TTN?

Answer 104

Rapid breathing

Question 105

How is TTN managed?

Answer 105

Supportive care

Question 106

What is MAS?

Answer 106

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome.

Question 107

What causes MAS?

Answer 107

Aspiration of meconium-stained amniotic fluid.

Question 108

What are signs of MAS?

Answer 108

Respiratory distress

Question 109

How is MAS treated?

Answer 109

Suctioning

Question 110

What is hypoglycemia in neonates?

Answer 110

Blood glucose < 40 mg/dL.

Question 111

What are signs of neonatal hypoglycemia?

Answer 111

Jitteriness

Question 112

How is neonatal hypoglycemia treated?

Answer 112

Early feeding or IV glucose.