PAIN Flashcards
(65 cards)
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health
An integrated method of functioning which is oriented toward maximizing the potential of which the individual is capable within the environment where he is functioning (DUNN)
High-Level Wellness
The failure of a person’s adaptive mechanisms to adequately counteract stimuli and stresses, resulting in functional or structural disturbances
Disease
Response a person has to a disease. Integrates pathophysiologic alterations; psychologic effects of those alterations; effects on roles; relationships and values; and spiritual, cultural beliefs.
Illness
Disenabling response to disease, a mismatch between a person’s needs and the resources available to meet those needs.
Health & Illness
The way people cope with the alterations in health and function by a disease.
Illness behaviors
What are the 4 Models of Health?
- Clinical Model
- Role-performance (Functional) Model
- Adaptive Model
- Eudaimonistic Model
Being healthy means being able to function well in all roles.
Role-Performance (Functional) Model
Being healthy means being free from any clinical signs and symptoms of ill.
Clinical Model
Health is defined as exuberant well-being. Becoming all that one is capable of becoming.
Eudaimonistic Model
Defined health as the ability to adapt to the expectations and challenges of the environment, both the normal day-to-day events and also the unexpected events.
Adaptive Model
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage (Int’l Association for the Study of Pain)
Pain
Is a free nerve endings that are widely distributed throughout the periphery in skin, fascia bone periosteum, skeletal muscle, ligaments and mucous membranes.
Nociceptors
Cell wall destruction (Injury, ulceration, tumor invasion, cell necrosis) Inflammation, Infection, Nerve Injury and Extravascation of plasma from the circulatory system associated with edema, ischemia, occlusion of vasculature
Chemically-mediated
Most potent pain-producing chemical released when cell walls are destroyed and when plasma leaks from the vasculature
Bradykinin
Physiology of pain that results from cell wall destruction sensitize receptors making them more responsive to other chemical, thermal, and mechanical stimuli.
Prostaglandins
Chemical Mediators of Pain
Bradykinin
Prostaglandin
Substance P
Serotonin
Histamine
Leukotrienes
Hydrogen Ions
Nerve Growth Factor
The Gate Control Theory
Facilitates release of plasma by increasing vascular permeability, resulting in bradykinin availability. Further enhances pain responses by contributing to prostaglandin release.
Substance P
Increases vascular permeability, contributing to bradykinin activity and edema. Facilitated by release of substance P
Histamine
Released in the periphery by platelets and mast cells. Causes pain by altering Na+ flow in the receptive neuron membrane. Sensitizes receptors to the effect of bradykinin.
Serotonin
Produced by cell-wall destruction contributes pain by attracting to neutrophils to an area of injury. Neutrophil causes cell wall destruction which releases bradykinin.
Leukotrienes
Released as a result if ischemia and hypoxia cause Na+ channel to open which activates neurons in the pain pathway. Enhances neurotransmitter release.
Hydrogen Ions
Released when neurons are injured. Causes new nerves to sprout new axons and dendrites in greater number than existed before. Facilitate increase substance P.
Nerve Growth Factor
There is an interaction between pain and other sensory modalities and that stimulation of fibers that transmit non-painful sensations are able to block the transmission of pain impulses thru an inhibitory gating circuit.
The Gate Control Theory
