pain

Question 1

pain stimulated substances

Answer 1

histamine, bradykinin, acetylcholine, potassium, prostaglandins

Question 2

pain controlling substances

Answer 2

enkephalins, endorphins, serotonins

Question 3

acute pain

Answer 3

mild to severe
sympathetic nervous system responses related to specific injury
protective pain
patient is restless, anxious, reports pain
usually goes away within 3 months
distinct starting point and cause

Question 4

chronic pain

Answer 4

mild to severe
parasympathetic nervous system responses
may have/ develop an adaptation response
can last over six months

Question 5

treatment of chronic pain goals

Answer 5

focus is to decrease time loss from work, increase quality of interpersonal relationships, decrease anxiety

Question 6

superficial pain

Answer 6

in cutaneous area
mild to moderate pain with sympathetic manifestations
rapid, shallow, respirations

Question 7

deep somatic pain

Answer 7

felt below the cutaneous area
both sympathetic and parasympathetic
(tendons, ligaments, bones, blood vessels, nerve)

Question 8

visceral pain

Answer 8

Come from within the organs in the body
(appendicitis, cardiovascular issues, gastric issues, gastric disease, lung disease, renal issues)

Question 9

localized pain

Answer 9

can have superficial or deep somatic pain that localized
confined to a specific area

Question 10

referred pain

Answer 10

felt in a part of the body other than where the pain was produced
a type of visceral pain
usually originates in one of the organs but felt in the skin

Question 11

projected (phantom) pain

Answer 11

felt as if it is arising from an absent or amputated limb or organ
patient may complain of pain or parasitesia in an area even if the limb is removed

Question 12

phantom sensation

Answer 12

feeling that a missing body part is still present

Question 13

intractable pain

Answer 13

severe pain
resistant to treatment and any of the usual relief measures
patient is usually referred to neurologist

Question 14

breakthrough pain

Answer 14

acute exacerbation of pain that is transitory
ex: patient is given Q4 hours but experiences pain in between doses, still must be treated

Question 15

cancer related pain

Answer 15

progression of cancer can be caused by treatment
acute or chronic
need large dose of pain med
not prn, given around the clock

Question 16

adaptation response

Answer 16

when a patient may not display symptoms
vitals may be normal
sleepiness, shifting away or guarding, facial expression, only reporting pain if asked with drawing from socialization

Question 17

pain meds

Answer 17

NSAISs block prostaglandins in the periphery
acetaminophen blocks prostaglandins in the CNS

Question 18

analgesic adjuvants

Answer 18

anticonvulsants and antianxiety

Question 19

nonopioid analgesics

Answer 19

salicylates (aspirin)
acetaminophen (tylenol)
NSAIDs

Question 20

opioids

Answer 20

morphine, codeine, oxycodone (percocet), and hydrocodone (vicodin)

Question 21

pain management WHO analgesic latter

Answer 21

mild to moderate non opioids like aspirin, NSAIDs, paracetamol
moderate to severe mild opioids (codeine) with or without non opioids
severe strong opioids (morphine) with or without non opioids

Question 22

quality of pain

Answer 22

sharp, dull, shooting, burning, etc

Question 23

pain teachings/ nursing responsibility

Answer 23

assess medication effectiveness within 30-60 minutes
tell patient to rate the pain
type of surgery does not determine pain
age does not predict pain
opioid addiction is not frequent

Question 24

elderly nursing responsibilities

Answer 24

elderly are more sensitive to drugs (toxicity)
monitor opioid doses, titrate
they have reduced sensory perception and decreased drug metabolism