PAIN

Question 1

Define sensation

Answer 1

It is what is picked up by our receptors and transfered back to our CNS

Question 2

Define perception

Answer 2

What the brain sees those signals as (seeing the box within the circles)

Question 3

Name modalities

Answer 3

Pressure, touch, stretch, acceleration, sound waves, light, chemical, temperature

Question 4

Law of specific nerve energies

Answer 4

a given sensory receptor is specific for each modality

Question 5

Direct vs indirect stimulus

Answer 5

Direct has the stimulus acting on the body or the dendrites.
Indirect has the stimulus acting on a separate cell that signals the primary afferent

Question 6

Nociceptor thresholds

Answer 6

Strong pressure (needle)
High or low heat (>45, <20)
Bradykinin, histamine, acids, irritants

Question 7

Nociceptor types

Answer 7

nonselective cation channels (TRP)
acid sensing ion channels (ASIC)
indirect (P2X, P2Y AND TKA)

Question 8

Piezo channels

Answer 8

pressure activated via mechanical opening

Question 9

TRPV1

Answer 9

nociceptor activated by heat, acids (capsaicin)

Question 10

TRPV3 and 4

Answer 10

Average level temperature sensors

Question 11

TRPA1

Answer 11

nociceptor activated by mechanical, cold, chemical

Question 12

TRPM8

Answer 12

nociceptor activated by menthol (cool)

Question 13

ASIC

Answer 13

nociceptors activated by pH changes

Question 14

P2X and P2Y

Answer 14

indirect receptors that activate primary afferent nociceptor neurons. `

Question 15

Free nerve endings

Answer 15

Fiber type: A delta or C
Location: superficial skin
Receptive field: small
Adaptation speed: slow
Modality: light touch

Question 16

Merkels disk

Answer 16

Fiber type: A beta
Location: superficial skin
Receptive field: small
Adaptation speed: slow
Modality: pressure

Question 17

Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 17

Fiber type: A beta
Location: deep skin
Receptive field: large
Adaptation speed: fast
Modality: vibration

Question 18

meissners corpuscle

Answer 18

Fiber type: A beta
Location: superficial glabrous
Receptive field: small
Adaptation speed: fast
Modality: vibration

Question 19

hair follicle

Answer 19

Fiber type: A beta
Location: superficial skin (hairy)
Receptive field: small
Adaptation speed: fast
Modality: bending hair

Question 20

ruffinis endings

Answer 20

Fiber type: A beta
Location: deep, hairy skin
Receptive field: large
Adaptation speed: slow
Modality: pressure

Question 21

warm receptors

Answer 21

Fiber type: C
Location: superficial skin
Receptive field: small
Adaptation speed: fast
Modality: increased temp

Question 22

cold receptors

Answer 22

Fiber type: A gamma
Location: superficial skin
Receptive field: small
Adaptation speed: fast
Modality: decrease in temp

Question 23

mechanical nociceptor

Answer 23

Fiber type: A delta
Location: superficial skin
Receptive field: large
Adaptation speed: slow
Modality: intense pressure

Question 24

thermal nociceptor

Answer 24

Fiber type: A delta
Location: superficial skin
Receptive field: small
Adaptation speed: fast
Modality: intense hot or cold

Question 25

Polymodal nociceptors

Answer 25

Fiber type: C Location: superficial skin Receptive field: large Adaptation speed: slow Modality: many stimuli as they are polymodal

Question 26

Second pain activation

Answer 26

stimulated by glutamate and substance P release from C fibre activation

Question 27

hyperalgesia

Answer 27

when something hurts it hurts much more than it should

Question 28

Allodynia

Answer 28

what shouldn't hurt now does

Question 29

paracrine pain mediators

Answer 29

Bradykinin prostaglandins substance P CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) histamine 5-HT (serotonin?)

Question 30

nociception and temperature pathway

Answer 30

Ventrolateral spinothalamic pathway -cross over in the spinal cord

Question 31

Convergence projection theory

Answer 31

Leads to referred pain from skin and visceral afferents synapsing in a similar location

Question 32

Neuropathic pain

Answer 32

burning sensation that occurs on it's own by a light touch

Question 33

Central sensitization

Answer 33

increase of excitability and spontaneous discharge of the dorsal horn neurons with an associated increase in the receptive field of these neurons. -causes hyperalgesia

Question 34

Central sensitization receptors

Answer 34

Primarily Glu receptor up regulation and thus increase of Ca2+ in the cell cause CS -AMPA (Na channel) -Kainate (Na channel) -NMDA (Ca2+ channel)