PAIN DAY 1 AND 2

Question 1

An individual, unique experience
* Requires consciousness
* Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience
* Reported by the person experiencing it
* Observed in the person experiencing it
associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Answer 1

pain

Question 2

The neural process of encoding noxious stimuli

Answer 2

nociception

Question 3

Should this be C-Fiber Pain Fiber or something else?

Answer 3

Should be C-Fiber Nociceptive Neuron

Question 4

C-Fiber Pain Fiber
* -Should be C-Fiber Nociceptive Neuron
* WHY?

Answer 4

Nociceptors in the skin and deeper tissues

Question 5

T/F The free nerve endings of the Aδ (delta) and C fibres are the most prevalent, and most studied.

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

T/F Not all Aδ (delta) and C fibres are nociceptors

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

All nociceptors are Aδ (delta) and C fibres

Answer 7

FALSE NOT ALL

Question 8

Aδ (delta) and C fibres are mostly LOW-threshold mechanoreceptors.

Answer 8

FASLE HIGH THRESHOLD

Question 9

Free Nerve Endings in Skin, Joints and Deeper Tissues

Answer 9

Nociceptor

Question 10

A central or peripheral neuron of the somatosensory nervous system that is capable of encoding noxious stimuli.

Answer 10

Nociceptive Neuron

Question 11

T/F A typical neuron consists of a cell body (soma), dendrites,
and a single axon.

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

Proprioceptive from mm spindle and golgi tendon organs

Answer 12

Aα (alpha)

Question 13

noxious and non-noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli

Answer 13

Aβ (beta)

Question 14

hair follicle detection and noxious mechanical stimuli

Answer 14

Aδ (delta)

Question 15

noxious and non-noxious mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli, including hair follicles.

Answer 15

C

Question 16

Hair follicles are also innervated by

Answer 16

C fibers

Question 17

Hair follicles are also innervated by C fibers – considered WHAT TWO THINGS?

Answer 17

slow conducting and high threshold.

Question 18

Not a nociceptive function

Answer 18

Hair follicles innervated by C fibers

Question 19

Pick up a stimulus from hair to hair over receptive fields

Answer 19

Hair follicles

Question 20

AKA a C(aress) fiber

Answer 20

C fibers

Question 21

When Aβ (beta) neurons (fast conductors) are not specialized, they can act as free nerve endings and respond to mechanical stimuli, including WHAT?

Answer 21

noxious stimuli

Question 22

Fat, myelinated fibers are the ______ * 80 to 120 meters per second.

Answer 22

fastest

Question 23

Thin, unmyelinated fibers are

Answer 23

slowest

Question 24

Thin, unmyelinated fibers are slowest.
* Half a meter to 2 meters per second. * Includes these two fibres

Answer 24

Aδ (delta) and C fibres

Question 25

Aδ (delta) and C fibres are stimulated by

Answer 25

High intensity mechanical * Noxious heat * Noxious cold

Question 26

Aδ (delta) and C fibres need a high intensity of _______ to trigger a signal

Answer 26

stimulation

Question 27

A stimulus that is damaging to or threatens damage to normal tissues

Answer 27

Noxious Stimulus

Question 28

Sensory receptor capable of transducing and encoding a noxious (harmful) stimulus

Answer 28

Nociceptor

Question 29

Central or peripheral neuron that is capable of encoding noxious stimulation

Answer 29

Nociceptive neuron

Question 30

A stimulus that is damaging or threatens damage to normal tissues.

Answer 30

Noxious stimuli

Question 31

Neural process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli

Answer 31

Nociception

Question 32

Pain arising from activation of nociceptors

Answer 32

Nociceptive pain

Question 33

Increased responsiveness of sensory neurons

Answer 33

Sensitization+

Question 34

T/F Nociceptors respond to noxious cold, noxious heat and high threshold mechanical stimuli as well as a variety of chemical mediators.

Answer 34

TRUE

Question 35

T/F ALL nociceptors responds to each of the noxious stimuli

Answer 35

FALSE NOT ALL

Question 36

T/F application of a high intensity stimulus of one modality may alter the response properties of the nociceptor to other modalities

Answer 36

True

Question 37

The neural process of encoding noxious stimuli.

Answer 37

NOCICEPTION

Question 38

T/F consequences of encoding may be autonomic (e. G. Elevated blood pressure) or behavioral (motor withdrawal reflex or more complex nocifensive behaviour

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

T/F With nociception pain sensation is not necessarily implied

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to their normal input, and/or recruitment of a response to normally subthreshold inputs.

Answer 40

SENSITIZATION

Question 41

T/F Clinically, sensitization may only be inferred indirectly from phenomena such as hyperalgesia or allodynia.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to their normal input, and/or recruitment of a response to normally subthreshold inputs.

Answer 42

SENSITIZATION

Question 43

T/F Clinically, sensitization may only be inferred indirectly from phenomena such as hyperalgesia or allodynia

Answer 43

True

Question 44

SENSITIZATION has which two components?

Answer 44

Peripheral and Central

Question 45

Increased responsiveness and reduced threshold of nociceptive neurons in the periphery to the stimulation of their receptive fields

Answer 45

PERIPHERAL

Question 46

Increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system to their normal or subthreshold afferent input.

Answer 46

CENTRAL

Question 47

These two things are INFERRING CS?

Answer 47

ALLODYNIA AND HYERPALGESIA

Question 48

Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain.

Answer 48

ALLODYNIA

Question 49

Increased pain from a stimulus that normally provokes pain.

Answer 49

HYERPALGESIA

Question 50

________ may be seen after different types of somatosensory stimuli applied to many different tissues.

Answer 50

Allodynia

Question 51

reflects increased pain on suprathreshold stimulation. This is a clinical term that does not imply a mechanism. For pain evoked by stimuli that usually are not painful, the term allodynia is preferred, while hyperalgesia is more appropriately used for cases with an increased response at a normal threshold, or at an increased threshold, e.G., In patients with neuropathy.

Answer 51

HYERPALGESIA

Question 52

T/F.Clinical descriptors are NOT types of pain?

Answer 52

TRUE

Question 53

T/F The descriptors such as nociceptive, nociplastic, neuropathic followed by the word pain is somewhat problematic because they sound like types of pain but they are NOT?

Answer 53

TRUE

Question 54

Pain that arises from actual or threatened damage to non-neural tissue and is due to the activation of nociceptors.

Answer 54

NOCICEPTIVE (hypothesis of somatic mechanism) PAIN

Question 55

An umbrella term used to describe a group of rare genetic diseases, also classified as hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathies.

Answer 55

CONGENITAL INSENSITIVITY TO PAIN (CIP)

Question 56

There are many kinds, not all of which have the same pathologic mechanism. This is defined as?

Answer 56

CONGENITAL INSENSITIVITY TO PAIN (CIP)

Question 57

Highlights the conflation between pain and nociception. The deficit is with nociception, not pain.

Answer 57

CONGENITAL INSENSITIVITY TO PAIN (CIP)

Question 58

T/F You cannot be insensitive to pain if you’ve never learned to feel it.

Answer 58

TRUE

Question 59

Rather than pain being an alarm, nociception is the alarm. * _______is what happens when nociception fails. No Alarm.

Answer 59

CIP

Question 60

Associated with tissue damage (noxious stimulation) * Inflammation * Poor blood supply to tissues * Injury * Invasion by cancer

Answer 60

NOCICEPTIVE

Question 61

The ________ “apparatus” conveys or tranduces encoded information about tissue damage to the CNS

Answer 61

nociceptive

Question 62

Pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system.

Answer 62

NEUROPATHIC (hypothesis of somatic mechanism) PAIN

Question 63

T/F Neuropathic pain is a clinical description (and a diagnosis) which requires a demonstrable lesion or a disease that satisfies established neurological diagnostic criteria.

Answer 63

FALSE NOT

Question 64

HERPESZOSTERANDPOSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA * PAINFULDIABETICANDOTHERPERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES * SPINALCORDINJURYNP * CENTRALPOSTSTROKEPAIN * RADICULOPATHY * FAILEDBACKSURGERYSYNDROME * COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME * TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA * MULTIPLESCLEROSIS

Answer 64

NEUROPATHIC PAIN EXAMPLES

Question 65

More commonly called a "pinched nerve“, symptoms occur when a nerve is compressed or irritated where it branches away from the spinal cord.

Answer 65

RADICULOPATHY

Question 66

This may cause pain, muscle weakness, numbness and tingling that radiates into the limbs and extremities

Answer 66

RADICULOPATHY

Question 67

Neuropathic pain may be present due to: * Nociceptivesproutslesionedwithina degenerated disc * Mechanical compression of the nerve root (may not be visible through imaging) * Inflammatory mediators

Answer 67

LUMBAR RADICULOPATHY AKA SCIATICA

Question 68

Mixed drivers can be present with a degenerative disc that does not present with obvious or documented mechanical compression.

Answer 68

LUMBAR RADICULOPATHY AKA SCIATICA

Question 69

Pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage causing the activation of peripheral nociceptors or evidence for disease or lesion of the somatosensory system causing the pain.

Answer 69

NOCIPLASTIC (hypothesis of somatic mechanism) PAIN

Question 70

___________ is based ... on the inference that altered central nociceptive function may be responsible for the biomedical dimension of the experience of pain.

Answer 70

Nociplastic

Question 71

The term comes from nociceptive plasticity and supposes changes to the nociceptive apparatus.

Answer 71

NOCI-PLASTIC

Question 72

_________ acts as a descriptor of the probable mechanism by which altered central nociceptive function occurs in at least some chronic pain states.

Answer 72

Nociplastic

Question 73

_________ It distinguishes pain from nociceptive or neuropathic mechanisms.

Answer 73

Nociplastic

Question 74

________ is characterised by features that suggest altered nociceptive function (allodynia, hyperalgesia).

Answer 74

Nociplastic

Question 75

T/F NOCIPLASTIC IS CENTRAL SENSITISATION

Answer 75

FALSE IT IS NOT

Question 76

T/F Nociplastic Pain Mechanisms May Be Present In Many Conditions

Answer 76

TRUE

Question 77

T/F Widespread Pain with Evidence of Altered Processing (allodynia, Hyperalgesia) can be found with illness constructs such as: Persistent low back pain And other persistent, recurring MSK pain.

Answer 77

TRUE