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Psychology of Pain > Pain treatment and pain research > Flashcards

Pain treatment and pain research Flashcards

1
Q

what is trephination?

A

ancient pain relief technique -> make a hole in people’s skulls to “release evil spirits” which were thought to be the cause of pain

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2
Q

Did trephination work as a pain relief method?

A

NO

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3
Q

What is theriac?

A

A combination of plants, flowers, seeds, etc. taken as a pain relief method

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4
Q

what is the active ingredient in theriac?

A

opium

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5
Q

does theriac work for pain relief

A

YES

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6
Q

which two plants were used for pain relief in antiquity and are still used today?

A

willow bark and opium poppy

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7
Q

what was the first pharmaceutical company?

A

Merck KGaA

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8
Q

what did Merck KGaA figure out how to do in relation to drugs?

A

they figured out dosage control for morphine (standardized doses) and how to turn opium into morphine so its always the correct dose

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9
Q

where was anesthesia first demonstrated?

A

the Ether Dome in Boston at MassGen

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10
Q

How is anesthesia administered now for surgeries?

A

A combination of gas anesthetic and IV line anesthetic

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11
Q

what are opiates and opioids?

A

drugs that are like opium (ex: morphine)

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12
Q

what is half-life?

A

the time that it takes for there to

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13
Q

what is special about methadone and its half-life?

A

it has a long half-life making it less addictive than drugs with a shorter half-life and it also has a longer duration of action

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14
Q

what is the subcutaneous drug administration route?

A

into the skin - needle does through the epidermis but stops in the dermis

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15
Q

what is the intramuscular drug administration route?

A

into the muscle - the needle goes through the 3 layers of the skin and blood vessels straight into the muscle

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16
Q

what is the intravenous drug administration route?

A

into the vein - the needle goes through the 3 skin layers into the vein

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17
Q

what is the transdermal drug administration route?

A

patch on top of the skin

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18
Q

how does a transdermal patch work?

A

the active ingredient gets through the epidermis into the lower layers of the skin

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19
Q

what is the advantage of transdermal patches?

A

there are fewer side effects

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20
Q

what are side effects?

A

the drug is acting at the right receptor but in the wrong place

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21
Q

what is the disadvantage of transdermal patches?

A

they are a lot more expensive to produce than pills

22
Q

what is implantation

A

a pump that is implanted and shoots drugs right into the dermis

23
Q

what is the intrasynovial drug administration route?

A

into the synovial tissue - into a joint

24
Q

what is the intracardiac drug administration route?

A

into the heart

25
Q

what is the intrathecal drug administration route?

A

into the spinal cord

26
Q

what is the sublingual drug administration route?

A

under the tongue

27
Q

what is the buccal drug administration route?

A

on the cheek

28
Q

why are there so many drug administration routes?

A

depending on how fast you need the drug to reach the affected area that is how you will choose which drug route will be the best suiter

29
Q

what are the 2 groups of pharmacology?

A

pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

30
Q

what is the difference between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics?

A

pharmacodynamics is what the drug does to your body and pharmacokinetics is what the body does to the drug

31
Q

what is the most common opiate side effect?

A

constipation

32
Q

what are the 2 big side effects of over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics?

A

gastro-intestinal and liver damage

33
Q

why are OTC drugs still available without prescription even though they may cause serious side effects?

A

because they have been “grandfathered” into the medical system

34
Q

what is dextromethorphan used to treat?

A

cough

35
Q

true or false. once you stop taking OTC drugs the side effects do NOT stop

A

false. they do stop once you stop taking the drug

36
Q

what are the 3 levels of the WHO analgesic ladder for cancer pain

A

non-opioid, then a weak opioid, and lastly a strong opioid

37
Q

when it gets to the point where a strong opioid is necessary, what are its effects on the patient?

A

at a certain point, the drug just sedates them

38
Q

how often should drugs be administered to be most effective?

A

every 3-6 hours

39
Q

what type of pain are steroids used to treat?

A

inflammation

40
Q

what type of physical pain are anti-depressants and anti-convulsants used to treat?

A

chronic pain

41
Q

what are 2 types of non-pharmacological pain treatments?

A

physical therapy and occupational therapy

42
Q

what types of surgeries are -otomies and -ectemies?

A

cutting something, typically in the brain

43
Q

what are nerve blocks?

A

you insert a local anesthetic into the nerve to block pain signals

44
Q

what are the 3 major categories of alternative medicine for pain?

A

individual practices, systems of medicine, and world medicine systems

45
Q

what is western medicine called

A

allopathy

46
Q

in relation to unconventional analgesic modalities, describe the finding from Stephens’s 2009 study.

A

apparently, when you swear (ex: say shit) when you are in pain it helps with relief

47
Q

in relation to unconventional analgesic modalities, describe the findings from Guetin’s 2011 study.

A

participants that listened to their favourite music reported less pain than those who listened to something else

48
Q

what are 3 forms of analgesia used in babies?

A

giving them sugar, breast-feeding, and kangaroo care

49
Q

what is heel lance?

A

it is the only way to draw blood from babies

50
Q

describe how you do a heel lance.

A

you take a sharp, hollow, metal tube and stick it into the baby’s heel and squeeze until the blood comes out

51
Q

in 1985, a baby had open heart surgery what happened?

A

they only used a muscle blocker, no anesthesia so the baby died

52
Q

at the time when they performed open-heart surgery on a baby with no anesthesia what was the belief about babies and pain?

A

doctors thought that babies don’t feel pain

Psychology of Pain (10 decks)

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