Pain treatment and pain research

Question 1

what is trephination?

Answer 1

ancient pain relief technique -> make a hole in people’s skulls to “release evil spirits” which were thought to be the cause of pain

Question 2

Did trephination work as a pain relief method?

Answer 2

NO

Question 3

What is theriac?

Answer 3

A combination of plants, flowers, seeds, etc. taken as a pain relief method

Question 4

what is the active ingredient in theriac?

Answer 4

opium

Question 5

does theriac work for pain relief

Answer 5

YES

Question 6

which two plants were used for pain relief in antiquity and are still used today?

Answer 6

willow bark and opium poppy

Question 7

what was the first pharmaceutical company?

Answer 7

Merck KGaA

Question 8

what did Merck KGaA figure out how to do in relation to drugs?

Answer 8

they figured out dosage control for morphine (standardized doses) and how to turn opium into morphine so its always the correct dose

Question 9

where was anesthesia first demonstrated?

Answer 9

the Ether Dome in Boston at MassGen

Question 10

How is anesthesia administered now for surgeries?

Answer 10

A combination of gas anesthetic and IV line anesthetic

Question 11

what are opiates and opioids?

Answer 11

drugs that are like opium (ex: morphine)

Question 12

what is half-life?

Answer 12

the time that it takes for there to

Question 13

what is special about methadone and its half-life?

Answer 13

it has a long half-life making it less addictive than drugs with a shorter half-life and it also has a longer duration of action

Question 14

what is the subcutaneous drug administration route?

Answer 14

into the skin - needle does through the epidermis but stops in the dermis

Question 15

what is the intramuscular drug administration route?

Answer 15

into the muscle - the needle goes through the 3 layers of the skin and blood vessels straight into the muscle

Question 16

what is the intravenous drug administration route?

Answer 16

into the vein - the needle goes through the 3 skin layers into the vein

Question 17

what is the transdermal drug administration route?

Answer 17

patch on top of the skin

Question 18

how does a transdermal patch work?

Answer 18

the active ingredient gets through the epidermis into the lower layers of the skin

Question 19

what is the advantage of transdermal patches?

Answer 19

there are fewer side effects

Question 20

what are side effects?

Answer 20

the drug is acting at the right receptor but in the wrong place

Question 21

what is the disadvantage of transdermal patches?

Answer 21

they are a lot more expensive to produce than pills

Question 22

what is implantation

Answer 22

a pump that is implanted and shoots drugs right into the dermis

Question 23

what is the intrasynovial drug administration route?

Answer 23

into the synovial tissue - into a joint

Question 24

what is the intracardiac drug administration route?

Answer 24

into the heart

Question 25

what is the intrathecal drug administration route?

Answer 25

into the spinal cord

Question 26

what is the sublingual drug administration route?

Answer 26

under the tongue

Question 27

what is the buccal drug administration route?

Answer 27

on the cheek

Question 28

why are there so many drug administration routes?

Answer 28

depending on how fast you need the drug to reach the affected area that is how you will choose which drug route will be the best suiter

Question 29

what are the 2 groups of pharmacology?

Answer 29

pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Question 30

what is the difference between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics?

Answer 30

pharmacodynamics is what the drug does to your body and pharmacokinetics is what the body does to the drug

Question 31

what is the most common opiate side effect?

Answer 31

constipation

Question 32

what are the 2 big side effects of over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics?

Answer 32

gastro-intestinal and liver damage

Question 33

why are OTC drugs still available without prescription even though they may cause serious side effects?

Answer 33

because they have been "grandfathered" into the medical system

Question 34

what is dextromethorphan used to treat?

Answer 34

cough

Question 35

true or false. once you stop taking OTC drugs the side effects do NOT stop

Answer 35

false. they do stop once you stop taking the drug

Question 36

what are the 3 levels of the WHO analgesic ladder for cancer pain

Answer 36

non-opioid, then a weak opioid, and lastly a strong opioid

Question 37

when it gets to the point where a strong opioid is necessary, what are its effects on the patient?

Answer 37

at a certain point, the drug just sedates them

Question 38

how often should drugs be administered to be most effective?

Answer 38

every 3-6 hours

Question 39

what type of pain are steroids used to treat?

Answer 39

inflammation

Question 40

what type of physical pain are anti-depressants and anti-convulsants used to treat?

Answer 40

chronic pain

Question 41

what are 2 types of non-pharmacological pain treatments?

Answer 41

physical therapy and occupational therapy

Question 42

what types of surgeries are -otomies and -ectemies?

Answer 42

cutting something, typically in the brain

Question 43

what are nerve blocks?

Answer 43

you insert a local anesthetic into the nerve to block pain signals

Question 44

what are the 3 major categories of alternative medicine for pain?

Answer 44

individual practices, systems of medicine, and world medicine systems

Question 45

what is western medicine called

Answer 45

allopathy

Question 46

in relation to unconventional analgesic modalities, describe the finding from Stephens's 2009 study.

Answer 46

apparently, when you swear (ex: say shit) when you are in pain it helps with relief

Question 47

in relation to unconventional analgesic modalities, describe the findings from Guetin's 2011 study.

Answer 47

participants that listened to their favourite music reported less pain than those who listened to something else

Question 48

what are 3 forms of analgesia used in babies?

Answer 48

giving them sugar, breast-feeding, and kangaroo care

Question 49

what is heel lance?

Answer 49

it is the only way to draw blood from babies

Question 50

describe how you do a heel lance.

Answer 50

you take a sharp, hollow, metal tube and stick it into the baby's heel and squeeze until the blood comes out

Question 51

in 1985, a baby had open heart surgery what happened?

Answer 51

they only used a muscle blocker, no anesthesia so the baby died

Question 52

at the time when they performed open-heart surgery on a baby with no anesthesia what was the belief about babies and pain?

Answer 52

doctors thought that babies don't feel pain