Palate Flashcards
According to Fenner 2020 in Vet Surg, what were 2 risk factors associated with post-operative regurgitation following BOAS surgery?
History of regurgitation and age (for every 1 year increase in age the odds of experiencing post-op regurgitation were reduced by 28.8%)
According to Franklin 2021 in Vet Surg, what was the effect of epinephrine nebulization in BOAS patients pre- and post-operatively?
Reduction in BOAS index, particularly in patients with a pre-operative BOAS index >70%.
In a study by Fracka 2024 in Vet Surg, what were 4 risk factors identified for complicated perioperative recovery in dog undergoing either staphylectomy or folded flap palatoplasty?
Increasing age, staphylectomy (rather than FFP), increased anesthesia length, laryngeal collapse grade >2
In a study by Jones 2024 in Vet Surg, what 2 factors were associated with an increased risk of mortality in dogs undergoing staphylectomy with a variety of devices?
Use of a bipolar vessel sealing device (as compared to incisional or CO2 laser), higher grade of laryngeal collapse.
In a study by Miller 2024 in Vet Surg, what was the difference in complications between folded flap palatoplasty and staphylectomy for treatment of BOAS?
No difference in complications. Folded flap had a longer anesthetic and operative times.
The addition of what to a maxillary nerve block resulted in less hemorrhage during staphylectomy in a study by Williams 2024 in Vet Surg?
Adrenaline added to lidocaine
In a study by Carabolana 2022 in JAVMA, what was the overall mortality rate following H-pharyngoplasty and ala-vestibuloplasty for BOAS? What was associated with an increased risk of death? What percentage of dogs had an improvement in respiratory and digestive signs?
2% mortality
Age was associated with an increased risk of death (30% increase for every year of age).
Improvements were seen in respiratory signs for 72% of dogs, and digestive signs for 34%.
What technique was described by Pavletic 2023 in JAVMA for closure of wide palatal defects in dogs?
Modified Lagenbeck technique using bilateral bipedicle mucoperiosteal flaps.
In a study by Castejon-Gonzalez 2024 in JAVMA, what was used to augment palatal closure in dogs with wide clefts?
Autologous auricular cartilage from the pinna or allogenous fascia (used in conjunction with the Lagenbeck or 2-flap palatoplasty technique)
In a study by Holloway 2022 in JSAP, what was the overall complication rate in patients undergoing split staphylectomy? What is the proposed benefit of this procedure?
8% complication rate (3% major, and none life threatening).
Proposed benefit of this technique is the ability to address both excessive palatal length and thickness.
What surgical technique is depicted, which can be used for the temporary management of dogs with BOAS in respiratory distress as described by Sun 2022 in JSAP?
Temporary palatopexy procedure
In a study by Filipas 2024 in JSAP, what were 4 post-operative respiratory complications seen in BOAS dogs undergoing surgical correction? What increased the risk of requiring post-operative tracheostomy?
The four most common post-operative respiratory complications were hypoxemia, dyspnea requiring tracheal reintubation or tracheostomy, and aspiration pneumonia.
Risk factors for tracheostomy were increasing BOAS grade and peri-operative aspiration pneumonia.
In a study by Camarasa 2023 in JSAP, what was the difference in post-operative complications in BOAS patients undergoing owner assisted or standard recovery?
Owner assisted had a complication rate of 2%, compared to standard which had a complication rate of 28%.
In a study by Gilman 2023 in JSAP, use of a harmonic scalpel for staphylectomy resulted in reductions in what two factors compared to traditional staphylectomy in dogs?
Hemorrhage and surgical time.
There was an average of 0.68mm of thermal necrosis.
In a study by Tarricone 2019 in Vet Surg, how much more likely were dogs undergoing BOAS surgery t have a negative outcome with a BRisk score >3?
9 times as likely.
What bones comprise the hard palate?
Incisive, maxillary, palatine. Covered with mucoperiosteum.
At what level are the major palatine foramina located?
Medial to the maxillary fourth premolar tooth.
What is the main blood supply to the hard and soft palate?
The major and minor palatine arteries (branches of the maxillary artery).
What is the innervation to the hard and soft palate?
Major and minor palatine nerves (branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve). Travel in conjunction with the major and minor palatine arteries.
What is the innervation to the pterygopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus muscles?
Vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
What are the muscles of the soft palate?
Tensor and levator veli palatini, palatinus.
During swallowing the levator veli palatini muscle draws the soft palate dorsally to prevent aspiration. The palatopharyngeal also draws the palatopharyngeal arches and caudal pharynx together.
What are potential causes of congenital cleft palate formation?
Inherited or secondary to intrauterine stress or trauma.
Are unilateral cleft lips more commonly left or right sided?
Left sided
At what age is surgery of palatal defects typically performed?
2-4 months. Postponing surgery until after 5 months might result in a larger cleft.
