PALS

Question 1

Universal rate of compressions for all cardiac arrest victims?

Answer 1

100-120/min

Question 2

Compression to ventilation ration for single person rescurer in adult, children, and infants?

Answer 2

30:2

Question 3

2 rescurer ventilation to compression in infant or child?

Answer 3

15:2

Question 4

Infant compression hands/fingers?

Answer 4

2 fingers or thumbs on lower half of breast bone

Question 5

How far to compress infant?

Answer 5

1/3 AP diameter about 1.5in

Question 6

Chest recoil?

Answer 6

All for full chest recoil to allow heart to fill

Question 7

Breaths and duration after 30 compressions?

Answer 7

2 breaths over 1 second

Question 8

When to call for help if doing CPR alone?

Answer 8

After 2 minutes or about 5 cycles

Question 9

Infant head position during CPR?

Answer 9

Neutral position with ear canal at level of shoulders

Question 10

Why not tilt infant head back during CPR?

Answer 10

Can block airway

Question 11

What age to use adult AED pads vs pedi pads?

Answer 11

Pedi=7 and younger

Adult=8 and older

Question 12

3 parts of the Pediatric Assessment Triangle?

Answer 12

1. Appearance
2. Work of breathing
3. Circulation

Question 13

Child with pulse >60 but not adequately breathing?

Answer 13

Open airway and 1 breath every 3-5 seconds (12-20 per min)

Question 14

Child with heart rate below 60 and signs of poor perfusion?

Answer 14

CPR

Question 15

Normal resp rate for infant?

Answer 15

30-53

Question 16

Normal resp rate for toddler?

Answer 16

22-37

Question 17

Normal resp rate for preschooler?

Answer 17

20-28

Question 18

Normal resp rate for school-age child?

Answer 18

18-25

Question 19

Normal resp rate for adolescent?

Answer 19

12-20

Question 20

Define minute ventilation

Answer 20

VOlume of air that moves into our out of lungs each minute from breathing

Question 21

Minute ventilation formula

Answer 21

Minute Ventilation=Resp Rate x Tidal Volume

Question 22

Coarse, high-pitched breathing typically heard during inspiration?

Answer 22

Stridor

Question 23

Stridor is a sign of what?

Answer 23

Upper airway obstruction

Question 24

High-pitch or low-pitch whistling sound heard during expiration?

Answer 24

Wheezing

Question 25

What does wheezing represent?

Answer 25

Lower airway obstruction

Question 26

Crackles aka

Answer 26

Rales

Question 27

Sharp, crackling inspiratory sounds

Answer 27

Crackles

Question 28

Dry crackles represents what?

Answer 28

Atelectasis and instersitial lung dusease

Question 29

Wet crackles represent what?

Answer 29

Accumulation of alveolar fluid and lung disase

Question 30

Normal SP02?

Answer 30

>94% on room air

Question 31

SP02 of less than what indicates hypoxemia?

Answer 31

Less than 94%

Question 32

Heart rate does what with inspiration?

Answer 32

Increases

Question 33

Heart rate does what with expiration?

Answer 33

Decreases

Question 34

Heart rate greater than what in infant or toddler can be sign of serious condition

Answer 34

>180/min

Question 35

Heart rate greater than what in >2 years can be sign of serious condition

Answer 35

>160

Question 36

Normal capillary refill time?

Answer 36

<2 seconds

Question 37

Hypotension SBP in neonates?

Answer 37

<60

Question 38

Hypotension SBP in infants?

Answer 38

<70

Question 39

Hypotension SBP in children 1-10y?

Answer 39

<70 + (age in years x 2)

Question 40

Hypotension SBP in >10y?

Answer 40

<90

Question 41

Hypoglycemia in newborn?

Answer 41

<45

Question 42

Hypoglycemia in child?

Answer 42

≤60

Question 43

When to start CPR if arrest occurs

Answer 43

Within 10 seconds

Question 44

6 H’s of reversible conditions in cardiac arrest?

Answer 44

``` Hypovolemia Hypoxia Hydrogen ion (Acidosis) Hypoglycemia Hypo or Hyper-kalemia Hypothermia ```

Question 45

5 t’s of reversible conditions in cardiac arrest?

Answer 45

``` Tension pneumothorax Tamponade (cardiac) Toxins Thrombosis, pulmonary Thrombosis, coronary ```

Question 46

Cardiac arrest associated with which 4 arrythmias?

Answer 46

1. Asystole 2. PEA 3. VF 4. pVT, including torasde

Question 47

2 types of VTach? (hint: morphology)

Answer 47

1. Monomorphic | 2. Polymorphic

Question 48

Torsades mono or polymorphic VTach?

Answer 48

Polymorphic VTach

Question 49

3 drug delivery routes in order of preference

Answer 49

1. IV 2. IO 3. ETT