PAM exam Flashcards
(571 cards)
1
Q
what is biosecurity?
A
the set of precautions taken to minimise the risk of introducing and spreading an infectious disease within an animal population
2
Q
what is biocontrol?
A
controlling pests
3
Q
what is biocontainment?
A
containing an outbreak once it has been established
4
Q
what is bioexclusion?
A
preventing introduction of disease/pathogens
5
Q
what is the most common cause of human foodborne disease in the UK?
A
campylobacter
6
Q
what are the 3 Rs for animals used in biomedical research?
A
replacement, reduction, refinement
7
Q
what is replacement (biomedical research)?
A
using animals with alternative techniques to avoid use of live animals
8
Q
what is reduction (biomedical research)?
A
keeping number of animals used to a minimum
9
Q
what is refinement (biomedical research)?
A
the way experiments are carried out should cause little suffering
10
Q
what does virtue ethics look at?
A
the actor and whether the individual acted with virtue or vice
11
Q
what do deontology and right theories look at?
A
the act rather than the individual acting or intent of the actor
12
Q
what does utilitarianism look at?
A
the consequences of the action
13
Q
what are morals?
A
individual personal code of right and wrong (internal)
14
Q
what are ethics?
A
a critical enquiry into ideas regarding moral and right conduct
15
Q
what is sentience?
A
‘its feelings matter to itself’
16
Q
how many essential amino acids do dogs and cats have?
A
10
17
Q
what are the essential amino acids for dogs and cats?
A
Arg, His, Iso, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val
18
Q
what amino acids do cats have high requirements for?
A
arginine, cysteine and methionine
19
Q
what do cats use cysteine for?
A
to make taurine
20
Q
what does taurine deficiency lead to in cats?
A
retinal degeneration or dilated cardiomyopathy
21
Q
what is the normal MER of dogs?
A
110W^0.75 kcal/day
22
Q
what is the normal MER of cats?
A
70W kcal/day
23
Q
how much does growth increase MER?
A
2-3x
24
Q
how much does gestation increase MER?
A
1.1-1.3x
25
how much does lactation increase MER?
4x
26
how much does hard work increase MER?
2-4x
27
how much does cold/heat increase MER?
1.25x
28
what can lucerne and clover lead to in ruminants?
bloat
29
what is alfalfa high in?
potassium
30
what can alfalfa lead to in ruminants?
hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis
31
what can clover spoiled with fungus lead to in sheep?
oestrogenic so can causef infertility
32
what can brassicas and oilseeds cause in ruminants?
cause toxins, can cause milk taint
33
why can cereals lead to bone formation issues?
low calcium
34
what are grains low in?
B vitamins and vitamin E
35
what does hay making reduce the amount of (from grass to hay)?
vitamins A, E and K
36
what conditions are caused by vitamin A deficiency?
night blindness and rough scaly skin
37
what conditions are caused by vitamin D deficiency?
rickets/bone issues
38
what conditions are caused by vitamin E deficiency?
selenium, myopathies and muscle weakness (white muscle disease in calves)
39
what conditions are caused by vitamin K deficiency?
haemorrhage and anaemia
40
what conditions are caused by vitamin B1/thiamine deficiency?
cerebrocortical necrosis
41
what conditions are caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?
pernicious anaemia
42
what is the critical socialisation period for dogs?
3-12 weeks
43
what is the critical socialisation period for cats?
2-10 weeks, 2-7 weeks for human interactions
44
what does breeding dogs refer to?
breeding dogs and advertising business of selling puppies, or breeding 3+ litters of puppies in any 12 month period
45
what is the organisation responsible for rabies quarantine facilities in the UK?
DEFRA
46
what is common in degus fed like omnivores instead of herbivores?
diabetes mellitus
47
what does having >3.5% fat in chinchillas lead to?
liver failure
48
where must chinchillas be kept and why?
inside as can't cope with heat or humidity
49
what % of culling is dues to abortion/disease/failure to conceive in pigs?
60%
50
what is 60% of pig culling due to?
abortion, disease, failure to conceive
51
what is 40% of pig culling due to?
age and poor performance
52
what % of pig culling is due to age + poor performance?
40%
53
what is the kill out percentage?
the weight of the final pig product after trimming off the fat and 'bad' bits
54
what is the gestation period of pigs?
115 days
55
what is the farrowing index?
litters per sow per year
56
what is a cow (technically)?
an adult female who has had at least 1 calf
57
what is a bull?
an entire male animal of breeding age (usually >1 year)
58
what is a heifer?
a young female up to the birth of her first calf
59
what is a milking heifer?
a first time lactating cow in a dairy herd
60
what is a freemartin?
a female calf born with male twin, female often infertile as male hormones have passed to female in gestation
61
what percentage of freemartins are infertile?
92%
62
what is a bullock?
a castrated male destined for meat production
63
what is a steer?
a castrated male animal over the age of 1 year
64
what is a stirk?
a regional term for a half grown heifer or bullock (6-12 months of age)
65
what is the typical birthweight of a Holstein-Friesian calf?
40kg
66
what is submission rate?
the likelihood that eligible cows are bred
67
what is the calving interval?
interval between subsequent calving to start of breeding
68
what is the typical breeding season for sheep?
October-November
69
what is a ewe?
a female sheep that has had her first lamb
70
what is a lamb?
a sheep in its first year
71
what is a ram/tup?
an uncastrated male sheep
72
what does in lamb mean?
pregnant
73
what is tupping?
mating/mating season
74
what is a bottle lamb also known as?
pet lamb/poddy lamb/cade lamb
75
what is a bottle lamb?
an orphan lamb reared on a bottle
76
what is a hogg or hogget?
young sheep up to 18 months that hasn't been sheared
77
what is a shearling?
a yearling sheep that has not been shorn once
78
what is a teg?
a 2 year old sheep that has not been shorn
79
what is a gimmer/theave?
a female sheep in her 2nd year, before she has had her 1st lamb
80
what is a wether?
a castrated male sheep ot goat
81
what is a store (sheep term)?
weaned lamb not ready for slaughter sold for further fattening
82
what are the common vices/stereotypies found in horses?
cribbing, wind sucking, head weaving, pacing
83
what is a kid?
a goat under 6 months of age
84
what is a doe?
an adult female
85
what is a nanny?
a mother goat with kids
86
what is a buck?
a male goat
87
what is a wether?
a castrated male goat
88
what % of sow culling can be avoided through better management?
60%
89
what species does orf come from?
sheep
90
what 3 types of disease can zoonotic pathogens cause?
pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous
91
what types of changes do animals use to cope with environment?
biochemical, physiological, psychological changes, behavioural changes
92
what are the stress responses involved if animal needs not being met?
behavioural, ANS, neuro-endocrine, immune, coping behaviours
93
what does abnormal behaviour imply?
poor welfare
94
what are examples of abnormal behvaiours?
self-directed, environmentally directed, directed to other animals, failure of function (sexual/parental), stereotypic behaviour
95
what is contractarianism?
claim that moral norms derive their normative force from the idea of social contract
96
what is moral anthropocentrism?
the view that humans are central to moral decision making
97
what are animal rights?
idea that animals have certain moral rights to not be harmed for utilitarian claims
98
what is species-ism?
mutation on the grounds of species- morally wrong to deliberately inflict suffering on innocent individuals of other species
99
what is teleos?
what makes an animal that animal
100
what are the 5 freedoms?
freedom from hunger/thirst; freedom from discomfort; freedom from pain, injury or disease; freedom to express normal behaviour; freedom from fear and distress
101
what does more roughage in ruminant diet lead to?
more proprionate and less acetate
102
describe rough grazing
left as is, mostly hilly areas
103
describe permanent grazing
always grassland, most common
104
describe rotational grazing
grass is sown every so many years and other crops on other years
105
describe set stocking
continuous grazing, extensive, mainly use hilly/upland areas
106
describe paddock grazing
grazed rotationally around a number of paddocks
107
describe strip grazing
fresh allocation of pasture each day with electric fences
108
what are the methods of dog communication?
body language, vocal/auditory, tactile
109
what are the methods of cat communication?
body language, vocal/auditory, olfactory/tactile
110
at what age are beef cattle finished?
18 weeks
111
can you measure the behavioural component of emotion?
yes
112
can you measure the neurophysical component of emotion?
yes
113
can you measure the subjective component of emotion?
no
114
do cattle hear better at low or high frequencies?
low
115
do more piglets die in indoor or outdoor systems?
outdoor
116
does insulin affect ruminants?
yes but less
117
how are litters housed in weaning houses?
together by age
118
how big is the flight zone of a cow?
less than 5m
119
how big is UK sheep production?
biggest in Europe
120
how can breeding season in sheep be advanced?
temperature dependent, teaser ram, keep in dark, implant melatonin, progesterone sponge
121
how do 1-5 carcase conformations work?
1 is thin, 5 is fat
122
how do carnivores get glucose?
post-prandial gluconeogenesis
123
how do dogs and cats get vitamin B?
need to ingest it
124
how do EUROP carcase conformations work?
excellent to poor
125
how do milking machines work?
creates a vacuum and pushes
126
how do ruminants get glucose?
post-prandial gluconeogenesis
127
how do ruminants get vitamin B?
make it
128
how does balanced training work?
uses positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment
129
how does fat % change with age?
increases exponentially
130
how does the cows at grass system work?
grass based, organic, not high production
131
how does the cow high output system work?
indoor, intensive system, all the time
132
how is fertility measured (sheep)?
rearing and lambing percentages
133
how is nitrogen made in ruminants?
protein from microbes digested in rumen, non-protein (NH3)
134
how is protein digested in the rumen?
protein -> microbe protein -> digestion of microbes by host
135
how large does a pen for calves need to be?
width= 1/2 height of withers; length= body length + 10%
136
how long are cows dried up for before giving birth again?
60-80 days
137
how long does Stage 1 last in lambing?
6-12 hours//30min-6hours in lecture
138
how long does stage 2 last in lambing?
30 minutes-1 hour
139
how long does stage 3 last in lambing?
within 12 hours, typically 3 hours
140
how long does the milking period of cows last?
305 days
141
how long from new gilts to service?
7 months
142
how long is oestrus cycle in pigs?
21 days
143
how long is gestation in sheep?
147 days
144
how long is lactation in pigs?
21-28 days
145
how long is oestrus in sheep?
17 days
146
how long is pig pregnancy?
3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days
147
how long is weaning to service in pigs?
4-7 days
148
how many breeds of cattle are in UK?
95
149
how many calves can nurse cows nurse?
up to 12
150
how many components of emotions are there?
3
151
proportion of cows in small holdings?
50%
152
how many cows are there in the UK
9.9 million
153
how many ewes can be housed together during lambing?
up to 50
154
how many litters do sows produce?
6
155
how many seasons do dogs have/year, from what age?
2, 15 months
156
how many stages of lambing are there?
3
157
how many types of fetal membranes are there in sheep, and what are they?
2: amnion and allantochorion
158
how much colostrum do calves need?
2 litres in first 6 hours; 6 pints in 6 hours; 2 litres in 2 hours; 50ml/kg per 4 hours
159
how much space do sheep need for feeding 2x a day?
45cm
160
how much space do sheep need when food is available all day?
20cm
161
is there a greater proportion of cows in small or large holdings?
small-holdings
162
how often are calves fed and why?
2x a day, 1 is illegal and too little
163
how often do milking machines pulsate?
45-65 times per minute
164
how old are most cattle when they have their first calf?
2 years old
165
how to advertise rehoming and reselling dogs?
1) Licence number on advert. 2) local authority must be listed. 3) photo of dog. 4) age of dog. 5) show with mother. 6) must be 8 weeks old
166
in which animals does the brain use the most glucose and why?
ruminants as cannot use ketones during starvation
167
is APHA a global, regional or national organisation?
national, but works on regional basis
168
is cobalamin water or fat soluble?
water
169
is DEFRA a global, regional or national organisation?
national
170
is FAO a global, regional or national organisation?
global
171
is pantothenic acid water or fat soluble?
water
172
is riboflavin water or fat soluble?
water
173
is thiamine water or fat soluble?
water
174
is vitamin A water or fat soluble?
fat
175
is vitamin D water or fat soluble?
fat
176
is vitamin E water or fat soluble?
fat
177
is vitamin K water or fat soluble?
fat
178
is WHO a global, regional or national organisation?
global
179
is WOAH a global, regional or national organisation?
global
180
is WTO a global, regional or national organisation?
global
181
what is often the weight of calves slaughtered for veal?
180kg
182
how do non-ruminant herbivores digest cellulose?
fermentation
183
pig service management requirements?
1) put boar near sow to induce ovulation; 2) back pressure test; 3) boar:sow ratio
184
what angle is a cows full vision zone?
25-50%
185
what animals are exempt from the animal welfare act?
working dogs
186
what are 4 common procedures in sheep/lambs?
naval dip, tail-dock, castration, horn removal
187
what are animal needs?
what is required by basic biology
188
what are breeding herds housing requirements for pigs?
1) outdoors, 30 inches of rain per year 2) light draining soil (chalk) 3) level ground or gentle slope 4) under 245m 5) constant water and electricity access
189
what are common lowland breeds? (Sheep)
texal, charolais, suffolk
190
what are common reasons for replacing cattle?
reproduction issues, genetics
191
what are common upland breeds of sheep?
scottish blackface, swaledale, welsh mountain, cheriot
192
what are concentrate/dry/cereal high in?
starch/sugar/protein
193
what are concentrate/dry/cereal low in?
cellulose, calcium, vitamin E
194
what are diseases caused by mouldy hay?
listeria, aspergillus
195
what are enzymes missing in cats?
BCD, GD
196
what are examples of overhead costs?
rent, tax, etc.
197
what are examples of VFAs?
acetic, propionic, butyric acids
198
what are farm animal housing needs?
environment, thermoneutral zone, behaviour, need to spot pain
199
what are metabolised energy requirements?
energy needed per day, energy needed by inactive animal in thermoneutral conditions to obtain and digest food
200
what are multiple sucking calf rearing systems?
nurse cows
201
what are overhead costs?
fixed costs- no matter how high output these will stay the same
202
when are pigs the cheapest?
easter
203
what are rights?
moral code that can't be overruled
204
what are silage/hay/straw low in and why?
vitamins A, E and K due to oxidation
205
what are single sucking calf rearing systems?
natural until wean at 9 months
206
what are strong animal rights?
animals have same rights as humans if meet personhood requirements
207
what are symptoms of milk fever?
hyperexcitability and flaccid paralysis
208
what are the 4 most common breeds of cattle?
holstein-friesians, limousin, aberdeen angus, charolais
209
what are the 4 pillars?
autonomy, beneficience, non-maleficence, justice
210
what are the 4 types of dog training?
positive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative reinforcement, negative punishment
211
what are the 5 behavioural and handling concepts of cattle?
escape route, handlers must be dominant members, prey species so run, kick sideways and back if moving, stand close
212
what are the 5 signs of stress in dogs?
tail between legs, cowering, whale eyes, ears back, yawning
213
what are the aims of Grower/Finisher housing?
grow rapidly, lean, max feed conversion efficiency
214
what are the banned dog breeds?
XL bully, Japanese Tosa, Fila brasilero, Dojo Argentino, American pitbull terrier
215
what are the biggest pig producers in the EU?
Spain, France, Germany
216
what regions are the biggest pig producers in the UK?
East England, Yorkshire
217
who are the biggest pig producers in the world?
China
218
what are the biggest variable costs for milk production?
food, employees, machinery
219
what are the breeding issues with calf rearing systems?
fertility, mastitis, lameness, sustainabilty
220
what are the breeding regulations?
3+ litters a year must be licensed; only breed bitches older than a year; no more than 6 litters per bitch; can't have more than 1 litter per bitch a year; sell puppy from 8 weeks; keep accurate records
221
what are the calving intervals?
365 days
222
what are the categories of sheep breeds?
hill, upland, lowland
223
what are the common behaviours of sheep?
flock, prey, home territory, follow
224
what are the common breeds of beef cattle?
limousin, aberdeen angus, charolais, british blues
225
what are the common causes of food poisoning?
campylobacter jejune; toxoplasma; toxocara canis
226
what are the common pig breeds used?
large white, land race
227
what are the components of emotions?
behavioural, neurophysiological, subjective
228
what are the contents of milk?
lactose, casein, fat
229
what are the dietary requirements of a lactating sow?
frequent feeding, constant water supply, high protein
230
what are the dietary requirements of breeding pigs?
lysine needed, high energy cereal, vegetable protein, animal protein, fats
231
what are the different calf production systems?
all year round breeding, cows at grass, composite, high output
232
what are the different cattle rearing systems?
single sucklers, multiple sucklers, early weaning
233
what are the different types of animal interactions?
pets, vets, entertainment, research
234
what are the different types of feeding styles?
floor, hoppers, water, troughs
235
what are the different ways animals are used?
food, entertainment, pets, work, conservation, education
236
what are the feeding requirements for weaning horses and why?
can't digest starch, weaning needed to be protein and high energy, villi of SI halved if not fed enough
237
what are the food requirements for cows?
conserved food, vitamins and minerals, concentrates, fresh food
238
what are the 4 Fs?
fight, flight, fidget, freeze
239
what are the daily gains in grower/finisher farms?
600-660g per day
240
housing requirements for calves?
clean, dry, well ventilated, groups/need to see each other, constant water supply, 5% slope
241
what are the important zoonotic diseases?
avian influenza, TB, orf, rotovirus, cowpox, toxoplasma, toxocara canis, campylobacter jejune, E.coli, salmonella
242
what are the main calving issues?
lameness, dystocia
243
what are the methods of housing cattle?
cubicles, straw yards
244
what are the microchipping regulations?
compulsory for dogs from june 2024
245
what are the notifiable diseases in the UK?
TB, BSE, foot and mouth, Avian influenza, anthrax, brucellosis
246
what are the pros and cons of floor feeding?
cheap, best use of space, natural behaviours, wasteful
247
what are the pros and cons of hopper feeding?
less competition, should be long enough that all can feed at once
248
what are the iron requirements for calves?
should be given in diet for calves over 2 weeks
249
what are the requirements of cubicles for cattle and why?
5-10% more cubicles than cows to prevent fighting
250
what are the risks with late gestation feeding?
higher risk of pregnancy toxaemia
251
what are the slaughter evaluations?
examine carcass externally, 70-80% live weight, leanness- poor or excellent, fat %, protein gain
252
what are the sub-classes of utilitarianism?
preference and rule
253
what are the systems used for carcase conformations?
EUROP and 1-5
254
what are the temperature requirements for weaning housing requirements?
28 degrees and constant
255
what are the 2 types of learning in animals?
associative and non-associative
256
what are the types of housing required by grower/finisher housing?
verandas, flat decks
257
what are the types of housing required in weaning housing?
verandas, flat decks, straw yards
258
what are the water requirements for cows?
constant supply, 60-100 litres of water
259
water requirements for grower/finisher housing?
constant
260
what are the water requirements for weaning houses?
constant, 1 litre in 180 seconds
261
what are 3 examples of behaviour modification methodologies?
force free trainers, compulsive based trainers, balanced trainers
262
what are 3 frameworks about behaviour?
trigger stacking, stress buckets, canine ladder of aggression
263
what are variable costs?
cost that changes depending on output
264
what are VFAs?
volatile fatty acids
265
what are weak animal rights?
rights of humans > rights of sentient animals
266
what are wet concentrates?
roots and turnips
267
what behavioural observations do you make when measuring animal welfare?
stereotypic behaviours
268
breed often used for veal?
holstein-friesian
269
what categories of associative learning are there?
classical, operant
270
what causes a black to brown coat in dogs?
deficiency in tyrosine and phenylalanine
271
what causes a copper deficiency and how do you combat this?
chelation by molybdenum
272
what causes frothy bloat and why?
clovers/lucernes as have high protein
273
what causes gas bloat?
wet concentrates lodge in oesophagus and animals choke
274
what causes impressive syndrome and what does this cause?
high potassium in grass, hyperkalaemia
275
what causes lactic acidosis?
overfeeding propionate
276
what causes twin lamb disease?
fetal demand greatest but food lowest
277
what cofactor is needed for vitamin E?
selenium cofactor
278
what cows have essential amino aid requirements?
high yielding cattle
279
what causes fog fever?
high tryptophan in grass
280
what disease is caused by acorns?
liver and renal disease
281
what disease is caused by bracken?
brain diseases
282
what disease is caused by buttercups?
buccal ulcers
283
what disease is caused by ragwort?
liver cirrhosis
284
what disease is caused by yews?
cardiogenic shock
285
what diseases are caused by cobalt deficiency?
pining/saltsick/bush sickness
286
what diseases do ewes get during lactation?
pregnancy toxaemia, late pregnancy, twin lamb disease
287
what do cats have higher requirements for?
arachodonic acid, arginine, nicotinic acid, taurine
288
what do the bacteria in the rumen need?
biotin and B vitamins
289
what do you look at to measure welfare?
physical observation, behavioural observation, ethological studies, critical anthropomorphism
290
what do you need to do if soil has low cobalt?
supplement
291
what does a thiamine deficiency cause?
CNS sign in ruminants/cats
292
what is APHA responsible for?
animal and plant health
293
what does cobalamin absorption need?
cobalt cofactor
294
what does coping mean?
having control of bodily and mental stability
295
what is DEFRA responsible for?
environmental, food, rural
296
what is FAO responsible for?
food and agriculture
297
what does health mean?
free from disease- state of animal with ability to cope with pathology
298
what are killing out percentages?
% meat to fat
299
what does NVS mean?
named vet surgeon
300
what does pantothenic acid deficiency in pigs cause?
goose stepping
301
what does riboflavin deficiency in poultry cause?
curly toe disease
302
what is telos?
what makes an animal that animal
303
what do the Animal Welfare regulations do?
govern selling, hiring, boarding, breeding, etc.
304
what does the pig cycle look like?
sine graph
305
what is WOAH responsible for?
animal diseases
306
what is WTO responsible for?
trade
307
what emotion does negative punishment cause?
fear
308
what emotion does negative reinforcement cause?
happiness
309
what emotion does positive punishment cause?
fear
310
what emotion does positive reinforcement cause?
happiness
311
what energy source do dogs utilise first?
fat then protein
312
what environment is required by sheep?
clear, pastures, beds, well maintained
313
what feed causes gastroenteritis and why?
wet concentrates, because of starch
314
what happens if you stand in front of a cows balance points?
they move back
315
what happens to lambs Dec-Jan onwards?
older lambs finished on roots through winter months for slaughter
316
what happens to lambs Aug-Sept?
early finishing on grass for slaughter
317
what has an excess of calcium?
alfalfa
318
hormones key in general adaptive syndrome?
cortisol and adrenaline
319
what is a calving interval?
time between 2 calves
320
up to how many ewes should be housed together?
50
321
what is a commercial establishment?
anything where money is involved and animals are kept
322
what is a consequence of shearing?
lose money
323
what is a dangerous dog?
dangerously out of control- injures someone/someone worried it will injure them
324
good BCS for a sheep?
3
325
good KO % for beef cattle?
40-60%
326
what is a grey face?
ram- border leicester, ewe- scottish blackface
327
what is a lamb?
<1 year old
328
what is a mule?
ram: blueface leicester, ewe: swaledale
329
what is a poor KO % of beef cattle?
<40%
330
what is a puppy farm?
high volume breeding facility that sells puppies to pet shops- or so never see mothers
331
what is a reverse zoonotic disease?
humans to animals
332
what is a source of vitamin A?
liver and fish oils
333
what is a source of vitamin D?
fish oil, eggs, colostrum
334
what is a source of vitamin E?
little in milk, from plants
335
what is a yearling?
1-2 years old
336
what is a zoonotic disease?
disease that can be passed from animals to humans
337
what is present in grass that can cause laminitis?
sugar
338
what is an example of a source of fats that can be fed to breeding pigs?
soya oil
339
what is an example of animal protein that can be fed to pigs?
fish meal
340
what is an example of compulsive based training?
shock collars
341
what is an example of force free training?
clicker training
342
what is an example of negative punishment?
no food
343
what is an example of negative reinforcement?
Applying pressure and taking it away when desired behaviour observed
344
what is an example of positive punishment?
hitting
345
what is an example of positive reinforcement?
treat based training
346
what is an example of vegetable protein that is fed to breeding pigs?
soya bean
347
what is animal welfare?
state of animal with regards to its ability to cope with its environment
348
what is associative learning?
associate stimulus with response
349
what is bacon weight?
80-110kg
350
what is BCS?
body condition score
351
what is caused by a calcium deficiency?
milk fever
352
what is caused by a cobalt deficiency?
pernicious anaemia
353
what is caused by copper deficiency?
swayback
354
what is caused by a magnesium deficiency?
tetany
355
what is caused by a sodium deficiency?
Addison's disease
356
what is caused by a vitamin E deficiency in cattle?
sweet clover disease
357
what is caused by a vitamin e deficiency?
white muscle disease, stiff lamb disease, cardiac myopathy, mulberry heart disease
358
what is caused by a zinc deficiency?
parakeratosis
359
what is caused by an excess of potassium?
hyperkalaemic paralysis
360
what is caused by an iodine deficiency?
goitre
361
what is caused by excess of concentrates/dry/cereals?
acidosis
362
what is cellulose converted converted to in digestion in the rumen?
cellulose -> VFAs -> ketones/fats
363
what causes Chastek's paralysis?
thiaminase enzyme in raw fish diet
364
what is classical associative learning?
stimulus -> response
365
what is critical anthropomorphism?
seeing through the eyes of an animal
366
what is deontology?
duty to follow universal moral rule/code
367
what is digestible energy?
gross energy - fecal loss of energy
368
what is FCE?
feed for 1kg of growth
369
what is grass high in, what does this cause?
high fibre -> acetate -> increased milk fat
370
what is heavy hog weight?
110+ kg
371
what is important about dog vitamin requirements?
no vitamin C requirement
372
what is involved in the human animal contract?
food, shelter, safety
373
what is Key Performance Indices based on?
corporate based
374
what has low levels in milk, which species needs supplements because of this?
iron, pigs
375
what is meconium?
first passing of stool
376
what is metabolisable energy?
digestible energy - (urinary + CH4 loss)
377
what is mutton?
>1 year
378
what is non-associative learning?
no connection between stimulus and anything else
379
what is operant associative learning?
stimulus -> behaviour -> response
380
what is preference utilitarianism?
good moral action promotes actions that fulfil preference of those involved
381
what is rule utilitarianism?
action is right as conforms to a rule that leads to greatest good
382
what is stress?
response of animal to stressors to maintain homeostasis
382
what is stage 3 in lambing?
passage of fetal membranes
382
what is stereotypic behaviour?
repeated behaviour showing stress
382
what is stage 2 of lambing?
contractions, giving birth
383
what is the biggest cost for beef production, what % of costs is this?
food, 75%
384
what is the boar:sow ration for an indoor system?
1 boar, 20 sows
385
what is the boar:sow ratio for an outdoor system?
1 boar 12 sows
386
what is gist of the dangerous dogs act?
5 dogs banned, can't sell, abandon, give away or breed, can be seized
387
what is the dry matter intake of cows?
measure of how much food animals need to meet nutritional content
388
what is the farrowing index for indoor pig breeding systems?
2.30
389
what is the farrowing index for outdoor pig breeding systems?
2.24
390
what is the FCE of grower/finisher housing requirements?
2.3:1
391
what is the fear period for dogs?
6-14 months
392
what is the first stage of a cow production system?
cow or heifer gives birth and starts her lactation
393
what is the first stage of lambing?
ewe separated from flock
394
what is the 4th stage of a cow production cycle?
around 60-80 days before cow due to give birth again, milking stopped and cow dried off to allow her udder tissue to regenerate
395
what is the gestation length of a cow?
280 days
396
what is the gestation period of a cat?
60-63 days
397
what is the gestation period of dogs?
65 days
398
what is the growth rate of beef cattle?
1.4kg per day
399
what is the highest cause of piglet mortality and what is done to prevent it?
crushed by sow, farrowing crates and piglet creeping areas
400
what is the main dietary component for carnivores?
protein
401
what is the main dietary component for omnivores?
starch/glucose/protein
402
what is the main dietary component for ruminants?
cellulose
403
what is the most common calf production system?
composite
404
what is the most common cause of dystocia in cattle?
too large to fit through birth canal
405
what is the most common cause of dystocia in sheep?
malpositioning
406
what is the order of animals with respect to milk content?
pig > ewe > goat > cow
407
what is the peak of metabolic design?
lactation
408
what is the pH of silage?
4
409
what is the pH of the rumen?
6.8
410
what is the pig cycle?
market fluctuation so numbers fluctuate
411
what is the ratio of size of a calf from mother:bull
60:40
412
what is the ratio of rams:ewes?
1:25
413
what is the replacement rate of cattle?
20-30%
414
what is the scale of beef production in the UK?
import more, opposite of dairy
415
what is the second stage of a cow production cycle?
re-breeding starts from 6 weeks with the aim to have the cow pregnant again by 85 days
416
socialisation period of cats in the wild?
2-10 weeks
417
socialisation period of cats with humans?
2-7 weeks
418
socialisation periods of dogs?
3-12 weeks
419
what is the 3rd stage of a cow production cycle?
milking period (lactation)
420
what is the weight of a pig carcass?
70-80% of live weight
421
what is trigger stacking?
stresses for dog lead to threshold for growling/biting
422
what is veal?
calves slaughtered at 14-16 weeks
423
what is vitamin A also known as?
beta carotene
424
what is vitamin B1 also known as?
thiamine
425
what is vitamin D needed for?
bone mineralisation
426
what is vitamin K needed for?
coagulation?
427
what is weaning to service?
length of time from weaning to insemination
428
what is WHO?
world health organisation
429
what kind of feeders are cats?
obligate carnivores
430
what kind of high energy cereal is fed to breeding pigs?
barley
431
what kind of ventilation is required in grower/finisher housing?
stack effect
432
what kinds of animals make cobalt cofactors?
ruminants
433
what management do cattle neonates need?
dip umbilicus, colostrum, open airways
434
what increases KO %s?
muscle increase
435
what needs to happen within 24 hours postparturition?
treat order, naval dips, other general management
436
what needs to happen within 5-7 days postparturition?
iron injection, identification
437
what needs to happen within 6 hours postparturition?
colostrum
438
what pattern is protein gain?
linear
439
what sense develops first in cats?
hearing, then sight
440
what sense do dogs develop first?
sight then hearing
441
what space is required in grower/finisher housing?
lie on floor + 40% (1/3rd of floor visible)
442
what species does bartonella henselae affect?
cat
443
what species does campylobacter affect?
poultry
444
what species does cowpox affect?
cattle
445
what species does E.coli affect?
poultry?
446
what species does orf affect?
sheep
447
what species does salmonella affect?
poultry
448
what species does toxocara canis afffect?
dog
449
what species does toxoplasma affect?
cat
450
what species was domesticated last?
cats
451
what type of breeders are sheep?
short day breeders, seasonal
452
what type of ethics is the animal welfare act?
virtue ethics
453
what type of hunters are cats?
solo
454
what types of ovulators are cats?
induced
455
what were the first agriculturally domesticated animals?
cattle
456
when are calves weaned in early weaning systems?
5-8 weeks
457
when are calves weaned in multiples suckler calving systems?
8 weeks
458
when are calves weaned in single suckler calving systems?
9 months
459
when are ewes put to the ram?
october-november
460
when are lambs weaned?
May, June
461
when are piglets weaned?
more than 6kg, or longer than 21 days
462
when are pigs the most expensive?
christmas
463
when can pregnancy be diagnosed in sheep?
70-100 days of gestation
464
when do animals have highest rate of gluconeogenesis, which species are an exception?
post-prandial, not in dog and man as they have insulin release
465
when do calves need ear tags?
1 within 36 hours, 2 within 20 days
466
when do dogs' teeth fall out?
3-6 months
467
when do ewes lamb?
Feb, March, April
468
when do farmers aim to have the cow pregnant again by?
85 days
469
when do pregnant ewes need more feeding and why?
30-90 days, placental development
470
when doe ewes go through flushing?
August-December
471
when does disbudding/dehorning need to happen?
within 7 days with paste, after 7 days with anaesthetic
472
when does rebreeding of a cow start from?
6 weeks
473
when does weaning occur in beef production in the UK?
9 months
474
when is leanness excellent?
>70% KO
475
when is leanness poor?
<40% KO
476
when is puberty in sheep?
6-9 months
477
when was the animal boarding establishments act?
1953
478
when was the animal welfare act?
2006
479
when was the animal welfare regulations?
2018
480
when was the animals act?
1971
481
when was the clean neighbourhoods act?
2005
482
when was the dangerous dogs act?
1991
483
when were the microchipping regulations?
2015
484
when was the road traffic act?
1988
485
when was the veterinary surgeons act?
1966
486
when were dogs domesticated?
around 10000 years ago
487
when were horses domesticated?
after dogs
488
where do animals get vitamin K from?
made by bacteria in rumen or from liver/green veg
489
which ethical theory has sub-classes?
utilitarianism
490
which fat soluble vitamin is an antioxidant?
E
491
who does the animal boarding establishments act apply to?
commercial establishments
492
who does the animal welfare act affect?
animal owners, vets
493
who is affected by the animal welfare regulations?
commercial establishments
494
who does the animals act affect?
farmers and pet owners
495
who does the clean neighbourhood act affect?
pet owners
496
who does the microchipping regulation affect?
pet owners
497
who does the road traffic act affect?
road users and pet owners
498
who is affected by the dangerous dogs act?
pet owners, vets
499
why are pigs not fed fine foods?
finer food is more likely to cause ulceration
500
why can ruminants digest cellulose?
cellulase from bacteria- symbiotic relationship
501
why do breeding pigs need lysine?
rate limiting amino acid
502
why do mammals not eat cellulose?
can't as no enzymes to break beta 1-4 link
503
why is cellulose unbranched?
no 1-6 link
504
why is veterinary public health important?
vets prevent humans getting ill and vice versa
505
are there any compulsory vaccinations for horses?
not generally, only equine influenza for racing horses
506
how much of the diet should be roughage?
>50%
507
how much should horses be exercised?
variable
508
how often should a horse see the farrier?
every 4-8 weeks
509
how often should horses be groomed?
every day
510
how often should horses have their feet picked out, how does this change if horse kept in muddy field?
1/2 times a day, more if muddy field
511
methods of restraining a horse?
headcollar, skin/nose twitch, chemical, chifney
512
common causes of dystocia during lambing?
malpositioning, ringwomb, abnormal/congenital deformations
513
legal responsibilities in poultry management?
illegal to feed kitchen waste, keep up to 50 birds without registering with DEFRA, keep pen habitable with access to shelter
514
what are the vaccines for horses?
equine influenza, tetanus
515
horse diseases associated with diet?
laminitis, obesity, PPID
516
what does BAR stand for?
bright, alert, responsive
517
what is a barn egg production system's maximum density?
9 birds/square meter
518
what is a doe (goats)?
female goat
519
what is a free range egg production system?
continuous daytime access to outdoor runs
520
what is a stereotypical behaviour and what often causes it?
repetitive behaviour with no purpose, often result of stress of boredom
521
what is aggressive behaviour for an alpaca?
uses head, spitting
522
what is another framework similar to BAR?
DUDE
523
what is purpose of BAR?
measuring health
524
poisonous plant for horses?
ragwort
525
what ear position is relaxed for an alpaca?
ears standing up
526
what is ringwomb?
failure of dilation of cervix
527
what is roughage?
grass, hay, silage
528
what is Schmallenberg?
insect borne virus that causes congenital malformations
529
typical ewe behaviour at time of parturition?
separate from flock, strain/head/bruxism, pawing/nesting
530
what should vet do when getting someone to handle a horse?
explain carefully, ensure handler is experienced and competent
531
what should be the main component of a horse's diet?
roughage
532
when do horses have Galwayne's groove?
between 10 and 20 years of age (not when under 10 or over 20)
533
when do horses have wolf teeth?
6-18yrs
534
who is responsible when handling horses?
the vet
535
3 types of disease caused by zoonotic pathogens?
pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous
536
when is hepatic gluconeogenesis maximal in ruminants?
post-prandial
537
what does more roughage lead to in cows?
more proprionate and less acetate
538
what is produced by the normal cow dairy diet?
60-70% acetate, 15-20% proprionate, 10-15% butyrate
539
what does lack of vitamin c cause in guinea pigs?
teeth collapse, skin and respiratory disease
540
what can't guinea pigs cope with?
wet and cold- so should be inside in winter and bad weather
541
what is the average KO % for bacon pigs?
75%
542
bacon liveweight?
80-110kg
543
fresh pork liveweight?
60-75kg
544
what does KO% depend on?
liveweight, genotype, fatness, sex, transport distance
545
which has a lower KO% boars or gilts?
gilts
546
when are calves weaned from single suckling?
9 months
547
when are calves weaned from multiple suckling?
8 weeks
548
when is early weaning?
around 24 hours
549
when are beef calves from the dairy herd brought into the beef system and weaned?
around 1 week, weaned at 8 weeks
550
when are calves slaughtered for veal?
14-16 weeks
551
when are bulls sent to slaughter in intensive beef systems?
at or before 14 months
552
when are cows finished in 18 month beef production?
16-20 months
553
which beef system has the longest production cycle?
grass
554
what is the average suckler herd size in the UK?
28-50 cows
555
when must tagging occur in cows?
36 hours and 20 days
556
what are the 3 methods of bull calf castration?
rubber rings, surgery, crushing spermatic cord with burdizzo
557
at what age can disbudding be done with caustic paste?
under 7 days
558
how much of the teat must be disinfected after milking?
lower 1/3
559
what are the milking parlour types?
abreast, 1:1 and 1: herringbone, rapid exit, rotary, auto tandem, automatic
560
what is voluntary waiting period?
interval from calving to start of breeding
561
what is conception rate?
number of calves pregnant out of all the services
562
when are ewes flushed?
2 weeks prior to breeding
563
when should sheep castration and tail docking be carried out with rubber rings?
in first 7 days
564
what percentage of bodyweight do horses need to eat per day?
2-3%
565
what are the 3 types of egg production system in the UK?
enriched laying cages, barn system, free range
566
what % of eggs are produced by enriched laying cages?
66%
567
what % of eggs are produced by barn systems?
7%
568
what % of eggs are produced in free range systems?
27%
