pancreas

Question 1

two main hormones of pancreas

Answer 1

glucagon
insulin

Question 2

alpha cells

Answer 2

glucagon - increase blood glucose

Question 3

beta cells

Answer 3

insulin - decrease blood glucose

Question 4

amylin

Answer 4

1. inhibits the GI tract - slow absorption of glucose
2. satiety factor

Question 5

dela cells

Answer 5

somatostatin
* inhibits glucagon and insulin sectretion
* release increases after a meal

Question 6

gamma PP cells

Answer 6

pancreatic polypeptide - increased release during fasting
* inhibits exocrine pancreas secretion of enzymes

Question 7

absorptive state

Answer 7

within a few hours of a meal
food being digested and absorbed

Question 8

postabsorptive state

Answer 8

more than a few hours since a meal - food not being digested and absorbed
* breakdown of storage forms for energy

Question 9

keto-diet

Answer 9

eat less carbs –> use fat –> fatty acids –> ketones

Question 10

too many ketones causes

Answer 10

diabetes mellitus

Question 11

diabetes mellitus

Answer 11

high amounts of keto acids –> ketoacidosis

Question 12

insulin synthesis

Answer 12

start w/ large protein (proinsulin), cleaved by peptidase in beta cells, forms insulin and C-peptide

Question 13

importance of C-peptide

Answer 13

can be measured as a marker for insulin

Question 14

insulin and C-peptide are secereted by

Answer 14

exocytosis (in vesicle)

Question 14

effects of insulin on carbohydrates

Answer 14

1.stimulates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, cardaic muscle, and adipose cells, but no the brain
2.stimulates glycogen synthesis - liver, muscle
3.inhibits gluconeogenesis

Question 15

GLUT 1

Answer 15

transport of glucose across the blood brain barrier

Question 16

GLUT 2

Answer 16

• kidneys - glucose reabsorption, liver - glucose uptake or relase
• pancreas - beta cells - regulate insulin release

Question 17

GLUT3

Answer 17

on neurons

Question 18

GLUT 4

Answer 18

skeletal and cardiac muscle, adipose (fat) cells

Question 19

what glucose transporter is insulin regulated

Answer 19

GLUT 4

Question 20

net effect of insulin on carbohydrates

Answer 20

move glucose into cells and out it into storage

Question 21

net effect insulin on lipids

Answer 21

move fat from the blood to be used for energy or put into storage

Question 22

net effect of insulin on proteins

Answer 22

move amino acids inot cells and put it into storage

Question 23

what stimulates insulin secretion

Answer 23

glucose
amino acid
free fatty acids
ACh
GIP
GLP-1

Question 24

what inhibits insulin secretion

Answer 24

Ep, NE somatostatin

Question 25

GIP

Answer 25

released from GI tract - stimulated by glucose in the GI

Question 26

GLP-1

Answer 26

released from GI tract - stimulated by glucose, amino acids, fat in the GI tract

Question 27

feedforward

Answer 27

stimulates release before the blood absorbs the stimulatory factor

Question 28

in diabetes mellitus, above what amount of glucose causes it to appear in the urine

Answer 28

> 200 mg/dl

Question 29

type I diabetes mellitus

Answer 29

death of beta cells * lack of insulin production

Question 29

type II diabetes mellitus

Answer 29

lak of insulin effects on cells * defect in signaling pathways in cells * decreased insulin receptors cause: obesity, age, genetic

Question 30

type I diabetes mellitus treatment

Answer 30

insulin injections

Question 31

type II diabetes mellitus treatment

Answer 31

exercise weight loss

Question 32

acute complications of diabetes mellitus

Answer 32

cell and body dehydration * increase of glucose in extracellular fluid --> cells shrink * glucose in urine --> dehydration + ketoacidosis = diabetic coma

Question 33

chronic complications with diabetes mellitus

Answer 33

* increased cardiovascular disease * peripheral europathy * nephropathy * retinopathy

Question 34

peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy are all caused by

Answer 34

damage to capillaries

Question 35

atherosclerosis

Answer 35

plaque in arteries (cholesterol, calcium) * due to increased cholesterol because of increased fat mobilization

Question 35

insulin shock

Answer 35

insulin causes decreased blood glucose (hypoglycemia) * stimulates GLUT4 and GLUT1, not enough blood-glucose for the brain

Question 36

proglucagon is made in _ cells in pancreas

Answer 36

alpha

Question 37

proglucagon is made in _ cells in GI tract

Answer 37

L

Question 38

is the pancreas (alpah cells) absorptive or postabsorptive in glucagon synthesis

Answer 38

postabsorptive

Question 39

is the GI tract (L cells) absorptive or postabsorptive in glucagon synthesis

Answer 39

absorptive

Question 40

does GLP-1 increase or decrease blood glucose

Answer 40

decrease

Question 41

does glucagon increase to decrease blood glucose

Answer 41

increase

Question 41

what stimulates glucagon secretion

Answer 41

amino acids NE, Ep ACh

Question 42

what inhibits glucagon secretion

Answer 42

glucose insulin somatostatin free fatty acids

Question 43

NE, Ep increases

Answer 43

gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis AKA glood glucose

Question 44

cortisol increases

Answer 44

gluconeogenesis (blood glucose)

Question 45

GH decreases _ but increases _

Answer 45

glucose uptake into cells, blood glucose

Question 46

Insulin decreases

Answer 46

blood glucose