pancreas

Question 1

pancreas location
1. ___ to the stomach
2. ___ to the liver

Answer 1

1. posterior
2. inferior

Question 2

pancreas dual function
has both
1. exocrine =
2. endocrine (pancreatic islets) =

Answer 2

1. acinar cells
2. alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, and PP cells

Question 3

acinar cells produce enzyme rich juice for

Answer 3

digestion

Question 4

alpha cells produce

Answer 4

glucagon

Question 5

beta cells produce

Answer 5

insulin

Question 6

alpha and beta cells are regulated by

Answer 6

blood glucose levels

Question 7

insulin and glucagon are what stimulus

Answer 7

humoral

Question 8

glucagons major target

Answer 8

liver

Question 9

glucagon is released in response to ___ blood glucose

Answer 9

low

Question 10

glucagon __ blood glucose to 5mM between meals

Answer 10

increases

Question 11

glucagon promotes
1. glycogenolysis = breakdown of __ to glucose
2. gluconeogenesis = synthesis of glucose from __ acid and noncarbohydrates (__ and __)

Answer 11

1. glycogen
2. lactic, fat and amino acids

Question 12

insulin’s major targets

Answer 12

liver, adipose, and muscle (skeletal and cardiac)

Question 13

insulin is released in response to __ blood glucose

Answer 13

high

Question 14

insulin ___ blood glucose to resting levels (5mM)

Answer 14

decreases

Question 15

insulin promotes
1. uptake or glucose into __ and __ cells
2. use glucose for __ production
3. glycogen synthesis in __ and __
4. convert glucose to __
5. inhibition of __ and __

Answer 15

1. muscle and fat cells
2. ATP
3. liver and muscle
4. fat
5. glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 16

factors that enhance insulin release

Answer 16

elevated blood glucose levels

release of acetylcholine by parasympathetic fibers

Question 17

factors that inhibit insulin release

Answer 17

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 18

regulation of insulin release
1. ___ diffusion
2. stimulates __ production
3. increases __/__ ratio
4. closes __ channel
5. membrane ___
6. __ influx
7. __ dependent exocytosis of insulin

Answer 18

1. facilitated
2. ATP
3. ATP/ADP
4. K+ ATP
5. depolarization
6. calcium
7. calcium

Question 19

homeostatic imbalances of insulin
hyperinsulinism = excessive insulin secretion with

1. normal insulin receptor sensitivity on tissues causes ___ (low blood glucose levels)
   a. disorientation, unconsciousness, even death
2. reduced insulin receptor sensitivity on tissues causes __ (high blood glucose levels)
   a. generate __
   b. stimulates autophagy (__ eating)
3. at risk for __

Answer 19

1. hypoglycemia
2. hyperglycemia
   a. ketones
   b. self
3. diabetes

Question 20

glycosuria =

Answer 20

glucose spilled into urine

Question 21

polyuria =

Answer 21

huge urine output
glucose acts as osmotic diuretic

Question 22

polydipsia =

Answer 22

excessive thirst from water loss due to polyuria

Question 23

polyphagia =

Answer 23

excessive hunger and food consumption
cells cannot take up glucose; are starving

Question 24

what is bad about prolonged hyperglycemia?

Answer 24

prolonged increase in blood glucose causes increased glycosylation of proteins and lipids

neuronal and cardiovascular damage

delayed wound healing

Question 25

A1C test testing amount of sugars on your ___ checks to see if blood glucose has stayed down for the last __ months above __ is considered a diabetic patient

Answer 25

hemoglobin 3-4 6.5 mM

Question 26

diabetes mellitus: Type 1 Juvenile 1. autoimmune disease that attacked beta cells so their pancreas produces insufficient amounts of __ 2. strikes at a __ age and lasts a ___ 3. just to survive, patients have to take multiple ___

Answer 26

1. insulin 2. young, lifetime 3. injections or through a pump

Question 27

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 1. metabolic disorder that most commonly afflicts __ and __ patients 2. can be caused by a. insulin receptor __ b. poor insulin ___ 3. does not always require ___ injections 4. usually diagnosed in ___ 5. treatments = medication to improve ___ to insulin or medication to enhance insulin ___ 6. increased ___ has led to a recent rise in cases of T2D

Answer 27

1. elderly and overweight 2a. insensitivity 2b. production 3. insulin 4. adulthood 5. sensitivity, production 6. obesity

Question 28

gestational diabetes 1. high blood glucose during ___ 2. can be treated by first regulating the ___ 3. could develop into ___ 4. could give rise to larger ___ a. because __ increases blood glucose

Answer 28

1. pregnancy 2. diet 3. T2D 4. newborns (19 pounds!) 5. growth hormone