Panic Revision For Mocks Flashcards

Question

Benefits of the shift - 3.4

Answer 1

- waged work providing a regular wage compared to agricultural work which can be as low as $2 a day compared to $10 with wages - poverty reduction with 1 billion lifted out of extreme poverty since 1990 - education and training provided by TNCs investing to improve workforce productivity - cheaper products for those in the developed world

Answer 2

- unplanned settlements due to job opportunities promoting rural to urban migration leading to rapid population growth - environmental pressure due to increased industrial activity leading to air and water pollution - 40% of chinas ground water now polluted - cultural erosion due to loss of tradition - detrimental for mental health of workers - deindustrialisation for developed world

Answer 3

- Early 1900s: Flint thrived as a key hub for General Motors (GM), boosting the local economy and job market. - Post-WW2: Foreign competition led to GM’s decline, triggering deindustrialisation. - Mass layoffs caused high unemployment and widespread poverty. - Loss of GM's economic base led to underfunded public services and increased crime. - By the 2000s, Flint had one of the highest U.S. unemployment rates and severe poverty. - Between 1960–2010, Flint’s population fell from ~200,000 to <100,000. - Resulted in empty homes, abandoned buildings, and unused factories. - Created financial and logistical challenges for local government. - By 2000s, ~40% lived below the poverty line. - Joblessness led to social instability and higher crime rates. - Police underfunding worsened crime control. - Lead-contaminated water, poor nutrition, and limited healthcare caused health problems like lead poisoning. - Long-term economic and environmental stress led to mental health issues and poor quality of life.

Answer 4

- China opened to globalisation in 1978 with the Open Door Policy; joined the WTO in 2001. - FDI surged in the 1990s due to low wages—initially in toys and textiles, later in tech and cars. - 680 million people lifted out of extreme poverty since 1980 through waged employment. - Extreme poverty fell from 84% in 1980 to 10% in 2016, though 20% still live on under $2/day. - Rising wages have shifted low-wage manufacturing to Vietnam and Bangladesh. - Education improved—free and compulsory for ages 5–15; literacy rose from 20% (1950s) to 84% (2015). - University graduates soared—7 million in 2014, 15x more than in 2000. - Car ownership rose from 1% of households in 2000 to 20% in 2015. - Technology transfer from TNCs has led to new Chinese firms like Huawei emerging.

Answer 5

- Since 1980 China has undergone an industrial revolution similar to the one the UK underwent from 1770 to 1900. - Severe air pollution in cities like Beijing, where air pollution is regularly above the World Health Organisation safe limits. - Beijing's six million cars and coal-burning power stations are the source of this pollution, close to 50% of the world's coal is burnt in China. - Around 50% of China's rivers and lakes and 40% of its groundwater is polluted - so much that it is unsafe to drink untreated. - Over 20% of China is subject to desertification and severe soil erosion, which can create major dust storms.

Answer 6

This is the decline of important manufacturing industries in a region, this has many impacts: - Dereliction resulting from the closure and abandonment of factories, shutting down of services and neglected housing - Depopulation as large numbers of people migrate from the deteriorating urban areas - Rising crime in deprived urban areas - High unemployment as a result of factories closing, losing manufacturing jobs

Answer 7

- The main cause of the deindustrialisation in Flint is due to the global shift made by TNCs. - This meant that the 80,000 people the GM industry employed in its peak during the 1950’s were soon made unemployed. - As of 2024, GM employs approximately 5,000 to 6,000 people in Flint - caused mass unemployment and underfunded public services. - Crime rose and quality of life fell; by 2000s, Flint had among the highest U.S. unemployment rates. - Population dropped over 50% (1960–2010), leaving many homes and factories abandoned. - Local authorities struggled to maintain empty buildings and infrastructure. - Nearly 40% of residents lived below the poverty line by the 2000s. - Unemployment and poor services led to rising crime and social instability. - Police budget cuts made crime control difficult. - School closures occurred due to reduced funding and population decline. - Lower-quality education reduced students' future job prospects. - This cycle reinforced low household income and prolonged poverty.

Answer 8

- natural increase: 60% - migration: 30% - reclassification of rural areas: 10%

Answer 9

- people migrate from areas such as Bihari - Mumbai is a larger service economy and port city proving a wide range of jobs such as Bollywood entertainment - has led to pressure on housing causing 55% of the population to live in slums - between 1999 there was a 105% rise in waste generated by Mumbai

Answer 10

- Global hubs are very attractive to these migrants - Migrants work in low pay jobs such as in kitchens, on construction sites or as cleaners (legally and illegally) - 2 million Indian migrants live in UAW - $16 billion have been sent back as remittances - most migrants work in transport, manufacturing or construction

Answer 11

- Migrants are highly skilled and/or socially influential people e.g., Actors, Bankers, Academics and Computer programmers - Wealth comes from their profession or inheritance - Many live as ‘global citizens’ with numerous homes in different countries 🌍 - Wealthy Russian business elites, often referred to as "oligarchs," have moved significant assets and residences to London. - chose London as it is a financial hub with a strong legal system and real estate market with accesss to private schools, luxury lifestyle and political connections - caused gentrification and driven up house prices in Chelsea and Kensington - a large inflow of foreign capital and job creation in luxury and financial sectors - caused social tensions due to gentrification and accusations of tax avoidance

Answer 12

Culture - A society’s ‘structure of feeling’ – a shared meaning by a group of people that has an influence on the way they live their lives and interpret the world around them Global culture - A group of shared cultural traits held in common by the global society

Answer 13

- among the largest media companies - builds brands globally by redubbing films and animations - promotes American values - eg white wedding has even promoted by Disney (a western tradition) - most weddings now follow this despite having their own traditions

Answer 14

- traditional Asian diets used to be low meat and high veg whereas now chinas meat consumption has increased form 5 - 50kg per capita - china is now the largest market for processed food - use of globish has been adopted by many countries due to the use of English on the internet and in business, tech and education - cultural attitudes towards disabilities have changes as the media has contributed to making the Paralympic Games into one of the biggest sporting events (cumulative audience of 4.1 billion)

Answer 15

- Korowai tribe of 300 people - Traditionally, residents live in wooden longhouse, but the built environment has changed when they were encouraged to move into villages with brick housing - Education takes place to learn the local language, but some have migrated, meaning they don't learn it - Sugary drinks, e.g. Coca-Cola, and alcohol is available in the villages - Traditional Korowai music uses drums, but the radio has introduced them to global music - Korowai traditionally only wear a cloth, however most people now wear shorts and t-shirts, including western football teams merchandise - Much of the land is used for employment, for logging companies or hunting of animals - Natural environment viewed as a resource for economic growth and higher income - Introduction of Christianity reduced the practice of their own practices - New elite system based on wealth, no longer a "clan leader"

Answer 16

Income per capita - The mean average income of a group of people - The total source of income for a country and divided by the population to provide an average Economic sector balance - The economy is split into four economic sectors and their importance changes as a country develops - Estimation of the contribution of each economic sector to the total national income

Answer 17

Human development index - A composite indicator, created by the UN, that ranks countries according to economic and social criteria - The three measures (life expectancy, income and education) are scored between 0 (worst) and 1 (best). An average score is then taken to rank all the countries in the world Gender inequality index - A composite indicator, created by the UNDP, measuring gender inequalities linked to three aspects: reproductive health, empowerment and labour force participation rate - Countries are scored between 0 and 1. The higher the value, the greater the inequality

Answer 18

Environmental quality (air pollution indices) - Measured using the global Environmental Performance Index (EPI) which looks at the amount of pollution outdoors as well as the quality of air inside homes - Countries are ranked in order according to their performance across 11 areas related to environmental quality

Answer 19

- The Gini Coefficient is a measure of inequality in the distribution of household income - Countries are scored between 0 and 1, the higher the value, the greater the income inequality - A score of 0 suggests that everyone has the same income in a country, a score of 1 suggests a single person receives all of a country’s income

Answer 20

- There are currently 2,668 billionaires globally, most made their wealth through ownership of TNCs - Developed countries have been good at maintaining their wealth, even with competition from emerging economies such as China - Factory and call centre workers in Asia have a better, more reliable income

Answer 21

- There are still rural areas in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa which remain isolated, with few global connections - Many workers in industrial cities within developed countries have lost jobs as manufacturing relocated - Workers in sweatshops are exploited - forced to work in poor conditions for low pay

Answer 22

All regions have seen a rise in GDP per capita since 1820, however the rise in Africa, Asia and Latin America has been significantly less than Western Europe and the USA

Answer 23

- Migrants require housing, jobs and education which could put certain services under strain which could lead to tensions between communities - Immigrants may feel that they are being discriminated against - The rise of extremism in Europe e.g., there are some nationalist parties that oppose immigration

Answer 24

- river runs through china, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam meaning that dams will affect flows elsewhere - increasing FDI due to globalisation within these countries mean that development has been encouraged on the river - there is a mekong agreement which fosters sustainability and cooperation along the river - china is not a part of the agreement showing that they are not willing to cooperate - china is very likely to dam the river in the south as this is one of the poorest areas in china and the dam could promote economic activity through hydroelectric power - building these dams will stop others from using it - the Mekong delta (a large area of fertile land) is located in Vietnam which supports 40% of their population - annual flooding helps grow rice - damming upstream in china reduces the flow reducing rice yield

Answer 25

- China’s Great Firewall is a censorship system used to block or restrict access to certain internet content. - The government claims it protects citizens from harmful or dangerous content. - It blocks or slows websites like YouTube, Google, and Facebook. - Foreign companies face strict regulations, making it hard to operate in China. - This has allowed Chinese tech firms to dominate the local market under government rules. - Censorship limits cultural exchange, global collaboration, and slows globalization. - Many global topics (e.g., Tiananmen Square, Winnie the Pooh) are removed from Chinese search engines. - Citizens try to bypass the firewall using VPNs. - The firewall is key to China’s strategy to control its image and influence, both domestically and internationally.

Answer 26

- Australia uses a points based immigration system to match immigrants to actual economic needs and job vacancies - points based on education and skills to ensure migrants match countries needs

Answer 27

- the restiction of international trade to help domestic industries - EU puts tariffs on international goods to increase the price

Answer 28

Resource nationalism - when governments take measures to ensure that domestic industries and consumers have priority access to the resources found in their country - The First Nations in Canada oppose attempts of global companies to exploit oil resources in their region - The first nations are groups of indigenous people whose occupation of the land long predates the arrival or Europeans. - oil companies are taking interest in their land for fracking; the first nations fear that this may pollute their only water source making the area inhabitable - environmental impacts are the water pollution, whereas the social impacts are that they won't be able to live there anymore. - This is linked to globalisation as the demand for oil has increased causing an increase in tracking.

Answer 29

- TNCs have been able to develop widespread global production networks due to cheap transport, labour and material costs - Whilst this has led to huge profits, it also produces a huge carbon footprint - Ethical consumption is becoming increasingly popular with people buying locally sourced food and commodities and avoiding supermarkets with high food miles Benefits of local sourcing - Many small farms in the UK grown organic produce, using fewer pesticides, which could have health benefits - UK farmers earn more by manufacturing goods such as jams, fruit juices and wine - Local sourcing can help people to reduce their carbon footprint Drawbacks of local sourcing - Local sourcing of meat and vegetables can be expensive - Less demand from the UK for food from developing countries can have a negative impact on their economic growth - Some products e.g., tomatoes, are grown in heated greenhouses during winter in the UK which produces a larger carbon footprint than if they were imported from Spain

Answer 30

- encourages towns to grow their own food in community gardens (not import it) and reduce energy used in transport, e.g. cycling and recycle waste/reuse materials - Todmorden, a small English town, has changed how it produces and consumes food. More residents now grow vegetables, keep chickens, and buy local produce. - Public gardens offer free vegetables, and all schoolchildren eat locally produced meals. - The aim of Incredible Edible is to make Todmorden fully self-sufficient in food by 2018. - It began as a community-funded project and later gained external funding. - It’s inclusive, offering seeds, troughs, and classes to those without gardens. Planned projects include: - A 50m polytunnel to increase food production - Jam-making and woodworking workshops - Accessible gardens in elderly care homes - A proposed fish farm near the high school (with a £750k grant application) - A diploma for 14–19-year-olds in environmental and land-based studies Costs of the scheme - Reduced demand for imported food may harm developing economies - Locally sourced food can be costly, especially for low-income households - Heated greenhouses can increase carbon emissions more than imported food Benefits of the scheme - Healthier produce with fewer pesticides - UK farmers profit more from value-added local goods (e.g., jam) - Local sourcing can reduce carbon footprints and benefit the environment

Answer 31

🌍 - Keep Britain tidy is an NGO set up in 1954 to encourage people to dispose of litter appropriately - Their campaigns encourage households to recycle and firms to reduce packaging or increase amount that can be recycled - Once used, manufactured goods usually end up as waste at a landfill site - Recycling these manufactured goods will reduce the rate at which new resources are used - However, the recycling process does still require energy and water for: Treatment of waste, Transportation of waste to recycling sites - Despite this, recycling is the first step towards the ambitious goal of a ‘circular’ economy Benefits of recycling - helps conserve land and reduce methane emissions from decomposing waste. - reduces the need to extract raw materials (e.g., metals, timber, oil). - manufacturing from recycled materials uses less energy (e.g., recycled aluminium uses 95% less energy). - Creates jobs in recycling centres, waste sorting, and material processing. - Supports circular economy by keeps materials in use for longer, reducing overall consumption Costs of recycling - Not all materials are recyclable some items (e.g., certain plastics) are hard or impossible to recycle effectively - Energy and pollution from recycling processes as sorting and reprocessing can still use energy and produce emissions - High initial costs because infrastructure and facilities for recycling can be expensive to develop and maintain - Public confusion because of inconsistent recycling rules across regions can reduce effectiveness and participation

Answer 32

- Fair trade pays farmers of cocoa, cotton, tea, and coffee in developing countries a guaranteed price for their produce plus a 'fair trade premium' payment. Benefits of the scheme - Supports sustainability by enforcing standards that improve soil, water, and pest management, reduce harmful chemicals and emissions, manage waste, and protect biodiversity - Empowers producers with income control and funds community projects such as schools and healthcare, with Fairtrade Premium supporting farming, financial benefits, and local development - Builds long-term relationships between producers and consumers, promoting supply chain transparency over short-term profits - Consumers support ethical production by choosing Fairtrade products, with 77% of UK consumers preferring them, leading to growth in Fairtrade cocoa (6%) and tea (5%) sales in 2023. Costs of the scheme - Higher prices for consumers limit product availability in some markets, with Fairtrade-certified items costing 20% to 50% more than conventional ones - Certifying the products is expensive and can become complex - Fairtrade is becoming more popular so there is increased competition - Large companies that are fair trade certified may not uphold the standards on all their products, the label may be misleading

Panic Revision For Mocks Flashcards

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