Papacy

Question 1

Vicar is one who represents another (luke 10:16)

Answer 1

He who hears you hears me

Question 2

St. Cyprian of Cartahge, Epistle 68.4

Answer 2

“Nor do I boast of these things, but with grief I bring them forward, since you constitute
yourself a judge of God and of Christ, who says to the apostles, and thereby to all chief rulers,
who by vicarious ordination succeed to the apostles: He that hears you, hears me; and he that hears me, hears Him that sent me; and he that despises you, despises me, and Him that sent me.”

Question 3

Hechos 5:1-5

To lie to peter is to lie to god

Answer 3

[1]Un hombre llamado Ananías, junto con su mujer, Safira, vendió una propiedad,
[2]y de acuerdo con ella, se guardó parte del dinero y puso el resto a disposición de los Apóstoles.
[3]Pedro le dijo: «Ananías, ¿por qué dejaste que Satanás se apoderara de ti hasta el punto de engañar al Espíritu Santo, guardándote una parte del dinero del campo?
[4]¿Acaso no eras dueño de quedarte con él? Y después de venderlo, ¿no podías guardarte el dinero? ¿Cómo se te ocurrió hacer esto? No mentiste a los hombres sino a Dios».
[5]Al oír estas palabras, Ananías cayó muerto. Un gran temor se apoderó de todos los que se enteraron de lo sucedido.

Question 4

Peter is mentioned more than every other apostle combined

Question 5

Peter is always first on apostle lists

Answer 5

Matthew 10:1-4. Mark 3:13-19. Luke 6:12-16

Question 6

Peter was recipient of revelation tha jesus is the son of god

Answer 6

Mateo 16:16-17
[16]Tomando la palabra, Simón Pedro respondió: «Tú eres el Mesías, el Hijo de Dios vivo».
[17]Y Jesús le dijo: «Feliz de ti, Simón, hijo de Jonás, porque esto no te lo ha revelado ni la carne ni la sangre, sino mi Padre que está en el cielo.

Question 7

Jesus preached from peter’s boat

Answer 7

Lucas 5:3
[3]Jesús subió a una de las barcas, que era de Simón, y le pidió que se apartara un poco de la orilla; después se sentó, y enseñaba a la multitud desde la barca.

Question 8

Peter was the first man jesus appeared to after the ressurection

Answer 8

Like 24:34, 1 Cor 15:5

Question 9

Peter is distinguished from the rest of the apostles by the angrl at the tomb

Answer 9

Marcos 16:7
[7]Vayan ahora a decir a sus discípulos y a Pedro que él irá antes que ustedes a Galilea; allí lo verán, como él se lo había dicho».

Question 10

Andrew was called before peter (john 1:24) but he is not listed before peter

Answer 10

Apostle list is not by date of calling

Question 11

John is youngest but he is not listed last

Answer 11

John is younger and can run faster because of that John 20:4

Apostle list is not by age

Question 12

Judas is least important and put last in the list

Answer 12

List of apostles is by importance and peter is first therefore most important

Question 13

Matthew 10:2

Answer 13

Peter is protos which can mean just first in a list but also chief or prime

Question 14

When god changes someones name, it give that person a new mission Mateo 16:18-19

Answer 14

[18]Y yo te digo: Tú eres Pedro, y sobre esta piedra edificaré mi Iglesia, y el poder de la Muerte no prevalecerá contra ella.
[19]Yo te daré las llaves del Reino de los Cielos. Todo lo que ates en la tierra, quedará atado en el cielo, y todo lo que desates en la tierra, quedará desatado en el cielo».

Question 15

Petros petra is a pun indicating that peter is that new foundation or rock

Question 16

I Corintios 10:4
[4]En efecto, bebían el agua de una roca espiritual que los acompañaba, y esa roca era Cristo.

Answer 16

Está hablando de que Jesús era la roca que Moisés asotó en el desierto para darle ahua a los israelitas. No tiene nada que ver con la iglesia. Otras personas ueden ser rocas en otros contextos. Isaías 51:1-2
[1]¡Escúchenme, los que van tras la justicia, ustedes, los que buscan al Señor! Fíjense en la roca de la que fueron tallados, en la cantera de la que fueron extraídos;
[2]fíjense en su padre Abraham y en Sara, que los dio a luz: cuando él era uno solo, yo lo llamé, lo bendije y lo multipliqué.

Question 17

I Corintios 3:11
[11]El fundamento ya está puesto y nadie puede poner otro, porque el fundamento es Jesucristo.

Answer 17

Efesios 2:20
[20]Ustedes están edificados sobre los apóstoles y los profetas, que son los cimientos, mientras que la piedra angular es el mismo Jesucristo.

Question 18

Difference between petros (little rock) and petra (big rock)

Answer 18

The difference is only used in poetry. Only reason difference is here is because it woukd be weird to give a man the feminine name petra. John Calvin says “there is no difference of meaning, I acknowledge, between the two greek words petros and petra.”

Commentary on Matthew, Mark and Luke vol. 2 (edinburh: calvin translation society 1845) 295

Question 19

Jesus spoke aramaic where there is no difference. Jesus named him Cephas

Answer 19

Matthew 16:17 Jesus says Simon Bar-Jona which is an aramaic phrase. Juan 1:42
[42]Entonces lo llevó a donde estaba Jesús. Jesús lo miró y le dijo: «Tú eres Simón, el hijo de Juan: tú te llamarás Cefas», que traducido significa Pedro. Cephas is both petra and petros so in aramaic there is no distinction

Question 21

Tertuillian. On Modesty 21

Answer 21

If, because the Lord has said to Peter, Upon this rock will I build My Church, to you have I given the keys of the heavenly kingdom; or, Whatsoever you shall have bound or loosed in earth, shall be bound or loosed in the heavens, you therefore presume that the power of binding and loosing has derived to you, that is, to every Church akin to Peter, what sort of man are you, subverting and wholly changing the manifest intention of the Lord, conferring (as that intention did) this (gift) personally upon Peter? On you, He says, will I build My Church; and, I will give to you the keys, not to the Church; and, Whatsoever you shall have loosed or bound, not what they shall have loosed or bound. For so withal the result teaches. In (Peter) himself the Church was reared; that is, through (Peter) himself; (Peter) himself essayed the key; you see what (key): Men of Israel, let what I say sink into your ears: Jesus the Nazarene, a man destined by God for you, and so forth. (Peter) himself, therefore, was the first to unbar, in Christ’s baptism, the entrance to the heavenly kingdom, in which (kingdom) are loosed the sins that were beforetime bound; and those which have not been loosed are bound, in accordance with true salvation; and Ananias he bound with the bond of death, and the weak in his feet he absolved from his defect of health. Moreover, in that dispute about the observance or non-observance of the Law, Peter was the first of all to be endued with the Spirit, and, after making preface touching the calling of the nations, to say, And now why are you tempting the Lord, concerning the imposition upon the brethren of a yoke which neither we nor our fathers were able to support? But however, through the grace of Jesus we believe that we shall be saved in the same way as they. This sentence both loosed those parts of the law which were abandoned, and bound those which were reserved. Hence the power of loosing and of binding committed to Peter had nothing to do with the capital sins of believers; and if the Lord had given him a precept that he must grant pardon to a brother sinning against him even seventy times sevenfold, of course He would have commanded him to bind— that is, to retain — nothing subsequently, unless perchance such (sins) as one may have committed against the Lord, not against a brother. For the forgiveness of (sins) committed in the case of a man is a prejudgment against the remission of sins against God.

Question 22

Cyprian of carthage unity of the catholic church 4

Answer 22

If any one consider and examine these things, there is no need for lengthened discussion and arguments. There is easy proof for faith in a short summary of the truth. The Lord speaks to Peter, saying, I say unto you, that you are Peter; and upon this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. And I will give unto you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; and whatsoever you shall bind on earth shall be bound also in heaven, and whatsoever you shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. And again to the same He says, after His resurrection, Feed my sheep. And although to all the apostles, after His resurrection, He gives an equal power, and says, As the Father has sent me, even so send I you: Receive the Holy Ghost: Whose soever sins you remit, they shall be remitted unto him; and whose soever sins you retain, they shall be retained; John 20:21 yet, that He might set forth unity, He arranged by His authority the origin of that unity, as beginning from one. Assuredly the rest of the apostles were also the same as was Peter, endowed with a like partnership both of honour and power; but the beginning proceeds from unity. Which one Church, also, the Holy Spirit in the Song of Songs designated in the person of our Lord, and says, My dove, my spotless one, is but one. She is the only one of her mother, elect of her that bare her. Song of Songs 6:9 Does he who does not hold this unity of the Church think that he holds the faith? Does he who strives against and resists the Church trust that he is in the Church, when moreover the blessed Apostle Paul teaches the same thing, and sets forth the sacrament of unity, saying, There is one body and one spirit, one hope of your calling, one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God? Ephesians 4:4

Question 23

Matthew (16:19) Isaiah (22:22)

Question 24

John 21:15-17

Answer 24

Fedd my sheep

Question 25

Jesus never explicitly says who is greatest among them even whem asked in mk 9:34, lk 9:46 and 22:24 and the apostles didnt even know that peter was him which was weird

Answer 25

Jesus doesnt say there is no lewder, he says the leader must be like a servant which implies there is one. Just because the apostles didnt understand doesnt mean there want one. They didnt understand a lot of things. Also, later in like 22 jesus literally singles out peter and says that he is praying so that his faith specifically doesnt falter and he strengthens his brethren

Question 27

1 corinthians 12:38 list of types of ministers does not inckude papacy but starts with apostles

Answer 27

Peter was a bishop and apostle and the papcy is not really a job that exists apart from those but rather is part of them. These type of inner distinctions can occur, since paul mentions john and james as having special roles as pillars of the church and yet the title pillar is not listed in these types of minister

Question 28

Paul singles out peter from the other apsotles in 1 Cor 9:5 and 1 Cor 15 creed

Question 29

Was peter ever in rome

Answer 29

Peter 1 pet 5 :13 mentions his church as "she who is at babylon, who is likewise chosen send you greetings" it could not have been the jewish community in actual babylon since josephus antiquities 18.9.8-9 says that the jews had fleed babylon for seleucia. Peter was apostle to the jews. (Galatians 2:7-8) Babylon was actually a symbolic name for rome since they were both the capital of the pagan empire

Question 30

Revelations refers to rome as babylon repeatedly

Answer 30

Ignatius letter to the roman 4 says to the christians in rome "I do not, as Peter and Paul, issue commandments unto you. " Irenaeus againt the heresies 3.3.2 " of the very great, the very ancient, and universally known Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul"

Question 31

Infallibility does not include impecability

Answer 31

Matthew 16:18 gatws of hell shall not prevail

Question 33

Ignatius letter to the romans 3

Answer 33

You have never envied any one; you have taught others.

Question 34

Ignatius teaches and rebukes the other churches but doesnt do so with the romans, as if the romans are above him

Question 35

Epistle of clement to the corinthians show the corinthians asking the church in rome for help in arbbitrating disputes of authority. This shows the primacy of Rome

Question 36

Ignatius letter to the romans greeting

Answer 36

presides in the place of the region of the Romans, worthy of God, worthy of honour, worthy of the highest happiness, worthy of praise, worthy of obtaining her every desire, worthy of being deemed holy, and which presides over love,

Question 37

Irenaeus against the heresies 3.3.2

Answer 37

[we do this, I say,] by indicating that tradition derived from the apostles, of the very great, the very ancient, and universally known Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also [by pointing out] the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops. For it is a matter of necessity that every Church should agree with this Church, on account of its preeminent authority

Question 38

Tertullian prescription against the heretics 36

Answer 38

Come now, you who would indulge a better curiosity, if you would apply it to the business of your salvation, run over the apostolic churches, in which the very thrones of the apostles are still pre-eminent in their places, in which their own authentic writings are read, uttering the voice and representing the face of each of them severally. Achaia is very near you, (in which) you find Corinth. Since you are not far from Macedonia, you have Philippi; (and there too) you have the Thessalonians. Since you are able to cross to Asia, you get Ephesus. Since, moreover, you are close upon Italy, you have Rome, from which there comes even into our own hands the very authority (of apostles themselves). How happy is its church, on which apostles poured forth all their doctrine along with their blood!

Question 39

Tertullian prescription against heretics 22

Answer 39

What man, then, of sound mind can possibly suppose that they were ignorant of anything, whom the Lord ordained to be masters (or teachers), keeping them, as He did, inseparable (from Himself) in their attendance, in their discipleship, in their society, to whom, when they were alone, He used to expound all things Mark 4:34 which were obscure, telling them that to them it was given to know those mysteries, Matthew 13:11 which it was not permitted the people to understand? Was anything withheld from the knowledge of Peter, who is called the rock on which the church should be built, who also obtained the keys of the kingdom of heaven, with the power of loosing and binding in heaven and on earth?

Question 40

“The Lord says to Peter: ‘I say to you,’ he says, ‘that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of hell will not overcome it. And to you I will give the keys of the kingdom of heaven . . . ’ [Matt. 16:18–19]. On him [Peter] he builds the Church, and to him he gives the command to feed the sheep [John 21:17], and although he assigns a like power to all the apostles, yet he founded a single chair [cathedra], and he established by his own authority a source and an intrinsic reason for that unity. Indeed, the others were that also which Peter was [i.e., apostles], but a primacy is given to Peter, whereby it is made clear that there is but one Church and one chair. . . . If someone does not hold fast to this unity of Peter, can he imagine that he still holds the faith? If he [should] desert the chair of Peter upon whom the Church was built, can he still be confident that he is in the Church?”

Answer 40

Cyprian of carthage (The Unity of the Catholic Church 4; 1st edition [A.D. 251]).

Question 41

Council of sardica canon 3

Answer 41

Bishop Hosius said: This also it is necessary to add — that no bishop pass from his own province to another province in which there are bishops, unless indeed he be called by his brethren, that we seem not to close the gates of charity. And this case likewise is to be provided for, that if in any province a bishop has some matter against his brother and fellow bishop, neither of the two should call in as arbiters bishops from another province. But if perchance sentence be given against a bishop in any matter and he supposes his case to be not unsound but good, in order that the question may be reopened, let us, if it seem good to your charity, honour the memory of Peter the Apostle, and let those who gave judgment write to Julius, the bishop of Rome, so that, if necessary, the case may be retried by the bishops of the neighbouring provinces and let him appoint arbiters; but if it cannot be shown that his case is of such a sort as to need a new trial, let the judgment once given not be annulled, but stand good as before.

Question 42

Council of sardica canon 4

Answer 42

Bishop Gaudentius said: If it seems good to you, it is necessary to add to this decision full of sincere charity which you have pronounced, that if any bishop be deposed by the sentence of these neighbouring bishops, and assert that he has fresh matter in defense, a new bishop be not settled in his see, unless the bishop of Rome judge and render a decision as to this.

Question 43

Council of sardica canon 5

Answer 43

Bishop Hosius said: Decreed, that if any bishop is accused, and the bishops of the same region assemble and depose him from his office, and he appealing, so to speak, takes refuge with the most blessed bishop of the Roman church, and he be willing to give him a hearing, and think it right to renew the examination of his case, let him be pleased to write to those fellow bishops who are nearest the province that they may examine the particulars with care and accuracy and give their votes on the matter in accordance with the word of truth. And if any one require that his case be heard yet again, and at his request it seem good to move the bishop of Rome to send presbyters a latere, let it be in the power of that bishop, according as he judges it to be good and decides it to be right — that some be sent to be judges with the bishops and invested with his authority by whom they were sent. And be this also ordained. But if he thinks that the bishops are sufficient for the examination and decision of the matter let him do what shall seem good in his most prudent judgment. The bishops answered: What has been said is approved.

Question 44

Jerome letter 15 to pope damasus

Answer 44

My words are spoken to the successor of the fisherman, to the disciple of the cross. As I follow no leader save Christ, so I communicate with none but your blessedness, that is with the chair of Peter. For this, I know, is the rock on which the church is built! Matthew 16:18 This is the house where alone the paschal lamb can be rightly eaten. Exodus 12:22 This is the Ark of Noah, and he who is not found in it shall perish when the flood prevails. Genesis 7:23

Question 45

Jerome against jovinianus 26

Answer 45

But you say, Matthew 16:18 the Church was founded upon Peter: although elsewhere the same is attributed to all the Apostles, and they all receive the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and the strength of the Church depends upon them all alike, yet one among the twelve is chosen so that when a head has been appointed, there may be no occasion for schism.

Question 46

Council of chalcedon session 2

Answer 46

Peter has spoken thus through Leo.

Question 47

The second council of ephesus was not declared an ecumenical council just because pppe leo deemed it so. His tome was also considered infqllible by the council of chalcedon

Question 48

Pope gregory book 9 letter 12

Answer 48

For as to what they say about the Church of Constantinople, who can doubt that it is subject to the Apostolic See, as both the most pious lord the emperor and our brother the bishop of that city continually acknowledge? Yet, if this or any other Church has anything that is good, I am prepared in what is good to imitate even my inferiors, while prohibiting them from things unlawful. For he is foolish who thinks himself first in such a way as to scorn to learn whatever good things he may see.

Question 49

The holy roman church possesses the supreme and full primacy and principality over the whole catholic church... if any questions arise concerning the faith, it is by her judgment that they must be settled.

Answer 49

Vatican 1 Pastor Aeternus 4.2 citing second council of lyon

Question 50

St maximus the confessor opuscula theological et polemica 11

Answer 50

"The most holy church of the romans.. it is in no way overcome by the gates of haded according to the very promise of the savior, but holds the keys of the orthodox confession and faith in him... it shuts up and locks every heretical mouth that speaks unrighteousness against the most high."

Question 51

St francis de sales the catholic controversy

Answer 51

The pope "cannot err when he us in cathedra, that is, when he intends to make an instruction and decree for the guidance of the whole church, when he means to confirm his brethrenas supreme pastor, and to conduct them into the pastures of faith."

Question 52

Varican 1 pastor aeternis 4.2 pope hormisdas

Answer 52

In "the apostolic see the catholic religion has always been preserved unblemished."

Question 53

Pope liberius was said to be a heretic because he signed arian creeds to come back from exile. And he excomunicated athanasius.

Answer 53

There is doubt oiberius actually signed the creed. Emperor constantius himself never says so. The arian creed was not hererical but merely ambiguous. He erred in excomunicating athanasius but that was a juridical and disciplinary error, not a heresy.

Question 54

Pope zosimus pardoned celaestius and pelagius the heretics and declared them orthodox against the african synods, and only later reversed the decision when he learned that his predecessor innocent had condemmed them. He erred gravely

Answer 54

To see the full answer see augustine on the grace of christ and on original ain book 2 chapter 6 and forward. Zosimus was decieved by caelestius who lied to his face and made it seem like he was more orthodox than he really was. Zosimus pardoned him only because he believed his lied out of good will. Once he learned that they were liars becaude he learned from an epistle of inkocent that they had lied to a previous synod, then he anathemized them in the encyclical trattoria.

Question 55

Pope vigilius flip flopped on nestorianism

Answer 55

Pope vigilius wqs always against nestorianism buy was indecisivie on a prudential level of whether or not to condemn specific writings of theodore and Ibas because these were important men who had previously been declared heretics but then reconciled with the church and condemming them could have destabilized the church. Vigilius never taught heresy though.

Question 56

Honorius was declared a heretic at third constantinople for monothelytism

Answer 56

Honorius said that christ had one will because he had no sin, which seems to mean that he had one will in the sense that a human will with no sin will always be in agreement with the divine will so he had two distinct wills always in perfect agreement about everything. He therefore is not an ontological monothelite but only in a figurative sense. Even if he was a monothelyte he spoke in the letter in a private capacity and did not invoke any authority or bind anything. He was condemed by third constantinople as a heretic but this was nuanced by pope leo 2 to mean that he fumbled by negligence to properly extinguish monothelytism and helped it spread