Paper 1: 02 Exercise Physiology Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
What is menisci?
A
a tough disc of fibrocartilage in the knee which act like a shock absorber during weight bearing activity.
2
Q
What is arthroscopy?
A
a minimally invasive surgical procedure to examine and repair damage within a joint.
3
Q
What is physiotherapy?
A
physical treatment of injuries and disease using methods such as mobilisation, massage, exercise therapy and postural training.
4
Q
What are NSAIDs? What do they do?
A
Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): medication taken to reduce inflammation, temperature and pain following injury.
5
Q
What is Cold Therapy or cryotherapy?
A
apply ice or cold to an injury or after exercise to a therapeutic effect, such as reduced swelling
6
Q
What is heat therapy?
A
applying heat to an area before training for a therapeutic effect, such as increased blood flow.
7
Q
What is the contrast therapy?
A
the use of alternate cold and heat for a therapeutic effect such as increased blood flow.
8
Q
What is a Massage Therapy?
A
a physical therapy used for injury prevention and soft tissue injury treatment.
9
Q
What is a Rehabilitation?
A
the process of restoring full physical function after an injury has occurred.
10
Q
What are the 6 r’s of Concussion?
A
protocol for the recognising of concussion and its method of returning to competition. Recognise, remove, refer, rest, recover, and return.
11
Q
What is PRICE and when is it used?
A
protocol for the treatment of acute injuries: protection, rest, ice, compression and elevation.
12
Q
What does SALTAPS stand for injury identification?
A
Protocol for the assessment of a sporting injury: stop, ask, look, touch, active movement, passive movement, strength testing.
13
Q
What is DOMS?
A
Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS): pain and stiffness felt in the muscles, which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise, associated with eccentric muscle contractions.
14
Q
What is Achilles tendinosis?
A
pain and deterioration of the tendon in the heel due to overuse and repetitive strain.
15
Q
What is Tennis Elbow?
A
tendon pain in the forearm due to chronic overuse and repetitive strain.
16
Q
What is shin splints/medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)
A
chronic shin pain due to the inflammation of muscles and stress on the tendon attachments to the surface of the tibia.
17
Q
What is tendinosis?
A
The deterioration of a tendon in response to chronic overuse and repetitive strain.
18
Q
What is a Bone Spur?
A
outgrowths of bone into a joint, causing pain and restricted movement.
19
Q
What is Osteoarthritis?
A
degeneration of articular cartilage from the bone surfaces within a joint, causing pain and restricted movement.
20
Q
What is a Stress Fracture?
A
a tiny crack in the surface of a bone cause by overuse.
21
Q
What is concussion?
A
a traumatic brain injury resulting in a disturbance of brain function.
22
Q
What is a Strain?
A
overstretch or tear in the muscle or tendon that connects muscle to bone:
23
Q
What is an Abrasion?
A
Superficial damage to the skin caused by a scraping action against a surface.
24
Q
What is a Blister?
A
friction forming separation of layers of skin where a pocket of fluid forms.
25
What is a Sprain?
overstretch or tear in a ligament that connects bone to bone.
26
What is a Rupture?
a complete tear of a muscle, tendon or ligament.
27
What is a Haematoma?
localised congealed bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel.
28
What is a Dislocation?
the displacement of a bone from another out of their original position.
29
What is a Subluxation?
an incomplete or partial dislocation.
30
What is an Acute injury?
a sudden injury associated with a traumatic event.
31
What is a Chronic Injury?
a slowly developed injury associated with overuse.
32
What is a Hard tissue injury?
damage to the bone, joint or cartilage, including fractures or dislocations.
33
What is a Soft tissue injury?
damage to the skin, muscle, tendon or ligament, including tear, sprain and strains.
34
What is a Fracture?
the connection between the muscles and the nervous system.
35
What is Thermoregulation?
the process of maintaining internal core body temperature.
36
What is a Thermoreceptors?
sensory receptors which sense a change in temperature and relay information to the brain (medulla oblongata).
37
What is Dehydration?
loss of water in body tissues, largely caused by sweating.
38
What is Erythropoietin?
a naturally
produced hormone responsible
for the production of red blood
cells.
39
What is COPD?
Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):
an umbrella term for one or more respiratory
diseases. Severe asthma, chronic bronchitis and
emphysema – where persistent inflammation
leads to permanent damage in the airways and
lung tissue.
40
What are HDL and LDL?
high-density
lipoproteins (HDL) actively remove
cholesterol from arterial walls and
transports it to the liver whereas lowdensity lipoproteins (LDL) deposit
cholesterol on the arterial walls
41
What is meant by Intrinsic
injury risk factor?
an injury
risk or force from inside the body.
42
What is meant by an
Extrinsic injury risk factor?
an
injury risk or force from outside
the body.
43
What is a heart attack?
a blockage in the
coronary artery cutting off
oxygenated blood flow to an
area of cardiac muscle.
44
What is Atherosclerosis?
fatty plaque
development in the atrial walls
progressively narrowing the lumen
and hardening the walls
45
What is Ballistic Stretching?
swimming or
bounding movements to create
momentum to force the joint
through its extreme range of
motion.
46
What is Dynamic
Stretching?
Stretching
technique which involves taking a joint
through its full range of motion with
control over the entry and exit of the
stretch, such as a walking lunge.
47
What is Isometric stretching?
a performer
isometrically contracts the muscles
while holding a stretched position
for 7-20 seconds.
48
What is Static active
stretching?
a
performer moves the joint into its
fully stretched positon themselves
without any assistance and hold
for 10-30 seconds.
49
What is static passive
stretching?
a
performer moves the joint just
beyond the point of resistance
with assistance and hold for 10-
30 seconds.
50
What is static flexibility?
the range of
motion about a joint without
reference to speed of movement.
51
What is dynamic flexibility?
the range of
motion about a joint with
reference to speed of movement.
52
What is plyometrics?
a series of explosive
exercises such as hopping,
bounding and jumping to improve
the speed at which a muscle
shortens.
53
What is a stretch reflex?
a protective mechanism
which causes a muscle to concentrically
contract in response to being
overstretched.
54
What is a dynamometer?
a device used to
measure force production.
55
What is explosive strength?
the ability to
produce a maximal amount of
force in one or a series of rapid
muscular contractions.
56
What is strength endurance?
the ability
to sustain repeated muscular
contractions over a period of
time withstanding fatigue.
57
What is power output?
the amount of
work performed per unit of time
measured in Watts (W)
58
What is maximum strength?
the ability to
produce a maximal amount of
force in a single muscular
contraction.
59
What is hypertension?
chronic high blood
pressure defined as consistently
high blood pressure over 140/90
mmHg
60
What is coronary heart
disease (CHD)?
the narrowing of coronary
arteries reducing oxygenated
blood flow to the cardiac muscle.
61
What is a stroke?
a blockage in a cerebral
artery cutting off oxygenated
blood flow to an area of the
brain or a burst blood vessel
within or the surface of the brain.
62
What is asthma?
constriction of the
bronchial airways and
inflammation of the mucous
membranes which restrict the
airways and limit breathing.
63
What is aerobic capacity?
the ability of
the body to inspire, transport and
utilise oxygen to perform
sustained period of aerobic
activity.
64
What is VO2max?
VO2max maximum volume of
oxygen inspired, transported and
utilised per minute during
exhaustive exercise. Usually
measured in ml/kg/min.
65
What is tapering?
maintaining the intensity
but decreasing the volume of
training by one third to prepare
for competition.
66
What is periodization?
the organised
division of training into bocks,
each with a goal and time-frame.
67
What is a macro cycle?
a long-term training
plan, typically over one year, to
achieve a long-term goal.
68
What is a meso-cycle?
a mid-term training
plan, typically over 6 weeks, to
achieve a mid-term goal.
69
What is a micro-cycle?
a short-term training
plan, typically over one week, to
achieve a short-term goal.
70
What is meant by the
Principles of training?
the rules
that underpin training programme
design to ensure safe and effect
fitness adaptations.
71
What is adaptation?
a physiological
change in response to training –
for example, increase red blood
cell production.
72
What does FITT stand for
and mean?
component parts of the
principles of overload –
frequency, intensity, time and type
of training – which can be altered
to maximise training.
73
What is bicarbonate?
an alkaline which acts as
a buffer to neutralise the rise in lactic
acid associated with intense anaerobic
activity. Its use is known as ‘soda
loading’.
74
What are nitrates?
inorganic compounds
which dilate blood vessels, reducing
blood pressure and increasing
blood pressure and increasing
blood flow to the muscles.
75
What are creatine
supplements?
consumption of creatine
monohydrates to increase stores
of PC to increase intensity and
duration of performance.
76
What is Caffeine and the
effects on the body?
a stimulant used to
heighten the central nervous
system and mobilise fats to
prolong aerobic energy
production.
77
What are electrolytes?
salts and minerals such as
sodium and potassium, that conduct
electrical impulses. Lost through the
sweat but essential to replace in order
to prevent early fatigue.
78
Describe
glycogen/carbohydrate
loading.
the
manipulation of carbohydrate intake
in the week before competition to
maximise stores of glycogen.
79
What is meant by
glycaemic index (GI)?
a rating
scale showing how quickly a
carbohydrate affects blood glucose
levels.
80
What is hypoglycaemia?
low blood
glucose levels associated with
dizziness, shaking and raised
heart rate.
81
What are cooling aids?
a range of
products, such as ice vests, packs
and baths, used to reduce core
body temperature, treat injury
and speed up recovery
82
What is Thermal strain?
additional
pressure placed on the body by
an increase in temperature that
can cause short and long term
negative effects.
83
Describe the Cardiovascular
drift
upwards drift of
heart rate during sustained steadystate activity associated with an
increase in body temperature (10C can
increase heart rate by 10bpm)
84
What is OBLA?
Onset of blood lactate
accumulation (OBLA): the point
where there is a dramatic rise in
blood lactate levels causing the
onset of fatigue.
85
What is a repetition/rep?
number of times an
exercise is repeated or weight
lifted.
86
What is a set?
a series of repetitions
followed by a relief period.
87
What is HIIT training?
High-intensity interval training
(HIIT): repeated bouts of highintensity work followed by varied
recovery times.
88
What is a continuous
training?
steady state
low-moderate intensity work for a
prolonged period of time.
89
What is Fartlek training?
continuous
steady-state aerobic training
interspersed with varied higher
intensity bouts and lower recovery
periods.
90
What is Intermittent hypoxic
training (IHT)?
interval training with work intervals
performed under hypoxic conditions.
91
What is Hypoxia?
a condition where the
body is subjected to an
inadequate oxygen supply to
maintain normal function.
92
What is meant by Buffering
Capacity?
the ability to
resist changes in pH – for
example, the ability to reduce the
negative effect of hydrogen ions
on muscular contraction.
92
What are physiological
aids? Give some examples
a group of
ergogenic aids used to increase the
rate of adaptation by the body ton
increase performance, including blood
doping, IHT and cooling aids.
93
Describe blood doping.
an illegal method
of increasing red blood cell
content by infusing blood prior to
competition.
94
What is Human Growth
Hormone (HGH)?
illegal
synthetic product copying natural
growth hormone to increase protein
synthesis for muscle growth, recovery
and repair.
95
What is recombiant
erythropoietin (RhEPO)?
illegal synthetic product
copying natural erythropoietin
hormone responsible for red
blood cell production.
96
What is hyper-viscosity?
excessively
thickened blood with high
resistance to flow.
97
What are pharmacological
aids? Give some examples
a group of
ergogenic aids taken to increase the levels
of hormones or neural transmitters
naturally produced in the body, including
anabolic steroids, erythropoietin and
human growth hormone.
98
What are anabolic
steroids?
a group of
illegal synthetic hormones
resembling testosterone to promote
protein synthesis for muscle growth,
recovery and repair
99
What is energy balance?
the relationship
between energy intake and
energy expenditure.
100
What is energy Intake?
the total amount of
energy from food and beverages
consumed and s=measured in
joules or calories.
101
What is physical
activity/energy expenditure?
the total number of
calories required to perform daily
tasks, which can be estimated
using MET values.
102
What are Metabolic
equivalent (MET) values?
the ratio of a performers working
metabolic rate to their resting
metabolic rate.
103
What is energy?
the ability to perform
work (joules or calories).
104
What is energy
expenditure?
the sum of basal
metabolic rate, the thermic effect of
food and the energy expended
through physical activity.
105
What is BMR?
Basal Metabolic rate (BMR) the
minimum amount of energy required
to sustain essential physiological
function at rest, which can account for
as much as 75 % of total energy
expenditure.
106
What is the thermic effect?
the
energy required to eat, digest and
absorb and use food taken in, which
accounts for a very small percentage
of the total energy expenditure.
107
What are fats?
triglycerides which provide
the body with fatty acids for
energy production.
107
What are saturated fatty
acids?
a type of fat
molecule typically solid at room
temperature, mainly found in animal
products which, when consumed
excessively, can be associated with
heart disease.
108
What are Vitamins and
minerals?
essential
organic and inorganic nutrients
required for healthy body
function.
109
What are Carbohydrates?
sugars and
starches stored in the body as
glycogen and converted to
glucose to fuel energy production.
110
What is protein?
amino acids essential for
the growth and repair of cells
and tissues.
111
What are enzymes?
biological catalysts which
increase the speed of chemical
reactions.
112
What is the Bohr Shift?
a move in the
oxyhaemoglobin dissociation cure
to the right caused by increased
acidity in the blood stream.
113
What is meant by the term
association?
the combining of oxygen
with haemoglobin to form
oxyhaemoglobin.
114
What is meant by the term
dissociation?
the release of oxygen
from haemoglobin for gaseous
exchange.
115
What is the oxyhaemoglobin
dissociation curve? What does
it show?
a
graph showing the relationship
between pO2 and the percentage
saturation of haemoglobin.
116
What is Partial Pressure?
the pressure
exerted by an individual gas held
in a mixture of gases.
117
What is diffusion?
then movement of gases
across a membrane down a gradient
from an area of high pressure (or
concentration) to an area of low
pressure (or concentration).
118
What is a diffusion
gradient?
the difference
in areas of pressure (or
concentration) from one side of a
membrane to the other.
119
What is active recovery?
Low-intensity post
exercise to maintaining elevated
heart and breathing rates.
120
What is work:relief ratio?
the volume of
relief in relation to the volume of
work performed.
