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AQA PE GCSE > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Uses of skeletons 6

A

Support (stand upright)
Movements (at a joint)
Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorous)
Blood cell production (RBC aid O2, WBC fight infection, platelets for clotting if cut)
Organ protection
Muscle attachment (via tendons)

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2
Q

Gaseous exchange route

A

Nose or mouth>trachea>bronchi>bronchioles>alveoli GASEOUS EXCHANGE >capillaries>muscle tissues

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3
Q

What Blood vessels carry what blood

A

Arteries- oxygenated
Veins- deoxygenated

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4
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Systole- contract and pump blood
Diastole- relax and fill blood

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5
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped per minute
Stroke vol x heart rate

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6
Q

Mechanics of breathing

A

Inspiration- rib cage up& out . pecs and sternocleidomastid
Expiration- diaphragm , intercostal muscles relax

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7
Q

Lung volumes
measured by?
what is tidal volume?

A

Measured by spirometers
Increases in exercise
Tidal is the normal vol resting

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8
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

Low to moderate intensity with oxygen respiration
Glucose + oxygen > energy + co2 + h2o
60-80% max hr

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9
Q

Anaerobic exercise

A

respiration without oxygen
High intensity short time
Glucose > energy + lactic acid
80-90% max hr

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10
Q

4 recovery processes to repay EPOC and reduce DOMS

A

cool down (low/moderate pace aerobic)
manipulation of diet (rehydrate, carbs)
ice baths (increase blood flow to muscles, remove lactic acid)
massages (increase blood flow)

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11
Q

what is EPOC

A

Excess post exercise oxygen consumption
the additional o2 intake after high intensity exercise

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12
Q

Effects of exercise short term

A

DOMS
Fatigue
Nausea, lightheadedness
cramps

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13
Q

Immediate effects of exercise

A

Sweating
Increased hr breathing rate +depth
Hot

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14
Q

Long term effects of exercise

A

adaptations to improve performance, reduced recovery time
Cardiovascular endurance
Muscular endurance, strength and hypertrophy
Strength
Flexibility
Body shape changes
Stronger skeletal system

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15
Q

PLANES & AXIS

A

FST
STL

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16
Q

Limits of fitness testing

A

Not sport specific
Not under competition conditions
Do not replicate exact movement of activity

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17
Q

Principles of training

A

SPORT
specific
Progressive overload (FITT)
Reversibility
Tedium

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18
Q

Types of training (7)

A

Fartlek
Plyometric
Circuit
Interval
Continuous
Weight
Static stretching (isometric)

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19
Q

Prevention of injury

A

Stretch
Correct technique
Equipment eg taping bracing
Proper rest and diet, hydration
Correct clothing n footwear

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20
Q

Trainings seasonal - pre season

A

Aerobic to build cardiovascular fitness
eg High altitude for more oxygen in red blood cells
focus on strength training too

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21
Q

Three seasons

A

Pre
Peak
Post

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22
Q

Levers

A

123 FLE
1: rowing, heading a ball, javelin throw
2: calf raises,
3: bicep curl UP

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23
Q

synovial joint

A

where 2 or more bones meet to allow wide ranges of movements

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24
Q

What is ligament and its function

A

connects bones together, stabilises joint. absorbs impact and prevent dislocation

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25
What are tendons and function
attach muscle to bone. allow movement
26
how does synovial joint prevent injury
- shock absorbing - prevent friction, wear and tear - waste removal
27
cartilage
shock absorber, less wear and tear
28
bursae
cushion, reduce friction
29
synovial membrane
secrete synovial fluid to keep joint lubricated
30
movements in hinge joint examples
flexion extension plantar(down) and dorsi(up) flexion knee elbow ankle
31
movements in ball and socket where
rotation circumduction abduction adduction
32
movements in ball and socket where
rotation circumduction flexion extension abduction adduction hip and shoulders
33
antagonistic pairs
2 muscles that work together as one relaxes the other contracts to pull on bone agonist = prime mover antagonist = relaxer
34
examples of antagonistic pairs
biceps, triceps quadriceps, hamstrings gastrocnemius, tibialus anterior hip flexors, gluteals deltoid, latissimus dorsi
35
muscle contractions - 2 types
isometric = stays still isotonic = concentric [shortens], eccentric [lengthens]
36
arteries and physical feature
carry oxygenated blood away from heart in high pressure, supply o2 to muscles thick muscular wall, smaller lumen
37
veins
carry deoxygenated blood to heart then lungs under low pressure thin wall, wider lumen, low pressure valves to prevent backflow
38
define health
a complete state of physical, mental and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of diseases or infirmity
39
define fitness
the ability to meet the demands of the environment
40
define agility
the ability to change directions quickly whilst in control
41
define flexibility
the range of movements possible at a joint
42
define balance
the ability to keep your centre of mass over the base of support
43
define cardiovascular endurance
the ability for heart and lungs to deliver oxygen to working muscles
44
define (muscular) strength
the ability to overcome resistance
45
define coordination
the ability to use 2 or more body parts at the same time, smoothly and efficiently
46
define reaction time
the time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus
47
define muscular endurance
the ability to undergo repeated contractions, avoiding fatigue
48
define speed
maximum rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement
49
define (explosive) power
strength x speed to create fast, high intensity movements
50
why fitness test?
- to identify sporting weakness - goal setting - monitor progress - compare against norms / national average - inform training requirements
51
when to fitness test?
pre-program to set goals/targets mid-program to check on target/ if need amending post-program to see if training is successful/targets met
52
limitations of fitness testing
- not sport specific - do not replicate movements of activity exactly - do not replicate competitive conditions
53
test for agility
illinois test
54
test for balance
standing stork test stand on one leg for as long as possible stopwatch needed
55
test for cardiovascular endurance
bleep test, measure vo2max cones set 20m apart for long distance runners
56
test for flexibility
sit and reach test, with sit and reach box. reach as far as you can and measure centimeters starting from past toes, foot flat on box
57
test for muscular endurance
sit up bleep test
58
test for power/explosive strength
vertical jump test
59
test for reaction time
ruler drop test the less the better the faster good for cricket, tennis, badminton players not so for weightlifters
60
test for maximal strength
1 rep max test
61
test for speed
30m sprint test
62
test for strength
hand grip dynamometer good for rugby players not so for cyclists
63
continuous training
constant steady state low-moderate intensity in aerobic training zone (60-80%)
64
fartlek training
speed play, form of continuous changes in pace & gradient
65
circuit training
form of interval training have stations of work and rest simple and time efficient
66
interval training
HIIT period of high intensity follower by period of rest sprint activities 80-90% training zone
67
plyometrics
develop explosive power, maximum force form of interval training
68
weight training
resistance machines of free weights form of interval training develop strength and power, muscular endurance
69
static stretching
holding a stretch movement improve flexibility and decrease risk of injury = isometric
70
explain high altitude training technique
form of aerobic training. in environment with less oxygen, so less supply to working muscles. the body will make more red blood cells, and improve performance
71
seasonal aspects
pre-season: build general fitness, aerobic fitness, rebuild to post season level with minimal work (reversibility) competition: maintain fitness, work on specific skills post season: rest and recover, light aerobic activity to maintain general level of fitness
72
why warm up?
- reduce risk of injury - anticipatory rise - gradually increase body temp - pulse raising to deliver more o2 to working muscles > better gaseous exchange and co2 removal - psychological prep
73
why cool down?
- slowly reduce breathing and HR - gradual decrease in temp, allow body recovery - help lactic acid removal - increase co2 removal - prevent DOMS
74
warm up activities
- pulse raising by working muscles - stretching to increase range of movement and blood flow - skill based practices - mental preparation
75
cool down activities
- maintain elevated HR eg jog - gradual reduction in intensity - walk - stretch statically
76
What if formed when haemoglobin and oxygen combine?
Oxyhaemoglobin
77
Explain how air pressure changes occur in the chest cavity allowing exhalation to take place. Refer to the roles of the intercostal muscles, rib cage and diaphragm.
The diaphragm relaxes and returns to a dome shape (1) • The intercostal muscles relax moving the rib cage down and back (1) • The chest cavity decreases in volume (1) • The pressure in the chest cavity increases (1) • Pressure gradient (molecules move from high to low pressure) exists and air is pushed out (1)
78
Explain how Ibrahim’s skeletal and muscular system work together to bring about movement.
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons (1) • When muscles contract they pull on the bones to create movement (1) • Muscles work in (antagonistic) pairs (1) • When one muscle in the pair is contracting (agonist) the other is relaxing (antagonist)(1)
79
Describe the bleep test
A recording of a series of timed bleeps (1) • Shuttle runs 20 m apart (1) • Performers have to touch lines (or cones) (1) • Bleeps get progressively closer together (time between bleeps gets shorter) (1) • Requiredtorunfasterwhenperformergetstoahigherlevel(1) • Miss three bleeps, performer has to drop out (1 warning, then if not caught up by 2 more ‘bleeps’ they must stop) (1) • It is progressive and maximal (1)
80
Explain what is happening to the heart rate before exercise
Heartratewillincrease(1) • Thisistheanticipatoryrise(1) • Caused by the release of the hormone adrenaline (1)
81
Structure of alveoli
Surrounded by capillaries - huge total SA one cell thick, fast diffusion Short disrance
82
Gaseous exchange in alveoli
Carbon dioxide from from blood in capillaries move into alveoli to breath out Oxygen moves from alveoli into red blood cells down the conc gradient
83
Mechanics of inspiration
Intercostal and Diaphragm contracts Pectorals pull Rib cage up and out to increase chest cavity for air Sternocleidomastid lift sternum u
84
Mechanics of expiration
Abdominals pull rib cage down, to expel air Intercostal and diaphragm relaxes
85
What is expiratory reserve volume
Additional air that is forcibly exhaled after expiration of normal tidal volume
86
What is residual volume
The volume of air left in lungs after maximal expiration

AQA PE GCSE (2 decks)

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