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geography > paper 1: 1.3 ecosystems, biodiversity and management > Flashcards

paper 1: 1.3 ecosystems, biodiversity and management Flashcards

1
Q

name all the large scale biomes

7 of them

A
  • boreal forest
  • temperate forest
  • tundra
  • desert
  • tropical rainforest
  • temperate grassland
  • tropical grassland
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2
Q

what are boreal biomes give an example

A

mostly pine forests at higher latitudes where the sun’s rays are weaker
canada

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3
Q

what are temperate forests give an example

A

deciduous forest with seasonal variations, losing their leaves in the winter.
UK

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4
Q

what are tundra biomes give an example

A

within the artic circle, the sun gives off little energy and there is little percipitation.
northern canada

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5
Q

what are desert biomes give an example

A

close to the tropics, the suns’s energy is concentrated, making it hot during the day.
sahara desert

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6
Q

what are tropical rainforest give an example

A

found within the tropics where it is hot and wet
brazilian rainforest

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7
Q

what are temperate grassland give an example

A

hot in summer and very cold in winter, with rainfall in late spring and summer
mid-USA

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8
Q

what are tropical grasslands give an example

A

mostly in the tropics, hot all year but always with a dry season
kenya

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9
Q

cliamte

temperature

A

growing seasons are much longer in warmer locations; the further you move away from the equator the shorter they become.

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10
Q

climate

percipitation

A

the global circulation system influences percipitation. eg. low pressure found between the hadley cells where warm air rises causing rain.

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11
Q

climate

sunshine hours

A

lower amount of sunshine towards the poles at certain times of the year means less sunlight for photosynthesis.

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12
Q

local factors

altitude

A

the higher the altitude, the lower the temperature. this means that differnt plants can grow within the same ecosystem.

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13
Q

local factors

rock and soil type

A

differnt vegetation can grow in the same ecosystem owing to different types of rocks and soil.

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14
Q

biospheres provide vital resource for people

food from the biosphere include

3 types

A
  • fruits, nuts and berries
  • land for growing crops
  • fish and meat
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15
Q

biospheres provide vital resource for people

energy from the biosphere include

3 types

A
  • animal dung for burning
  • trees (wood)
  • fermenting crops (bioethanol)
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16
Q

biospheres provide vital resource for people

medicine from the biosphere include

3 types

A
  • poppies (morphine)
  • vitamin C (oranges)
  • aloe plant (skin creams)
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17
Q

biospheres provide vital resource for people

building materials from the biosphere include

3 types

A
  • straw for roofing
  • timber for construction
  • animal dung mixed with clay
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18
Q

biospheres provide vital resource for people

water from the biosphere include

1 point

A
  • water moves through living organisms
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19
Q

biospheres provide vital resource for people

minerals from the biosphere include

3 types

A
  • iron ore
  • silver
  • copper
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20
Q

what are the UK’s main terrestial ecosystems

4 ecosystems

A
  • moorlands
  • heathlands
  • woodlands
  • wetlands
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21
Q

UK’s main terrestial ecosystems

what are moorlands, where are they found in the UK

are they upland or lowland

A

heather woodland, peat bogs and rough grasslands
- upland areas
- scotland and northern england

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22
Q

UK’s main terrestial ecosystems

what are heathlands, where are they found in the UK

are they upland or lowland

A

a mixture of marshes and dry, sandy heathland
- lowland areas
- southern england

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23
Q

UK’s main terrestial ecosystems

what are woodlands, where are they found in the UK

are they upland or lowland

A

remaining ancient woodlands
(eg. birch and oak)
- lowland areas
- north-east scotland

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24
Q

UK’s main terrestial ecosystems

what are wetlands, where are they found in the UK

are they upland or lowland

A

waterlogged soils
- lowland areas
- scotland, east anglia

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25
Q

UK marine ecosystem importance

how does tourism help people

A

provides jobs and an income for the local economy

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26
Q

UK marine ecosystem importance

how does energy help the UK

what type of wind

A

wind energy is reducing the UK’s reliance on fossil fuels

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27
Q

UK marine ecosystem importance

how does fishing help people

A

marine ecosystems provide jobs in the fishing industry

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28
Q

UK marine ecosystem degradation

coastal developments

how do they affect habitats

A

destroy wildlife habitats
eg. salt marsh

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29
Q

UK marine ecosystem degradation

climate change

what does climate change do to the food chain

A

introduces new specoes which changes the food web

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30
Q

UK marine ecosystem degradation

overfishing

what does overfishing do to the food chain

A

eg cod
damages the food chain

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31
Q

UK marine ecosystem degradation

fertilisers for farms

what does fertilisers do to the food chains

A

lead to eutrophication, damaging the food chains.

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32
Q

what are biotic components
name some in a tropical rainforest

5 things

A

living parts of the ecosystem. eg.plants and animals
- brazil nut tree, parrot, sloth, tree frog etc.

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33
Q

what are abiotic components
name some in a tropical rainforest

5 things

A

non-living parts of the ecosystem
eg. soil, water, light, temperature, rainfall etc

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34
Q

what do indigenous tribes do

3 things

A
  • hunt animals
  • gather food
  • small-scale farming, however the soil is poor in quality caused by leaching
35
Q

what is the climate in a TRF

A
  • hot and humid
  • rains a lot- 20 hrs per day
  • 26-28 degrees all year
36
Q

which model illustrates how nutrients are transferred between the three nutriemt stores

A

the gersmehl model

37
Q

what are the three key nutrient stores and which is the largest

A
  • biomass- is the largest
  • litter
  • soil
38
Q

what is the biomass store and what happens

from biomass and to biomass

A

biomass is the main store, rapid growth of vegetation. several layers and countless species
- from biomass– leaf litter
- to biomass–plants roots take up nutrients from the soil

39
Q

what is the soil store and what happens

from soil and to soil

A

leaching and low fertility
- from soil– the plants take nutrients up their roots
- to soil– rapid decay of leaf litter due to the heat and humidity, ideal for bacteria to grow
- weathering– weathered materials are added to the soil’s nutrients
- leaching– nutrients seep away

40
Q

what is the litter store and what happens

from litter and to litter

A

the leaves decompose very quickly due to the heat and humidity
- from litter–rapid decay of leaf litter
- to litter– leaf litter from falling leaves
- percipitation- it adds nutrients to the leaf litter store
- runoff- heavy rainfall causes nutrients from the leaf litter to run off as the soil cannot absorb it all.

41
Q

how are nutrients recylcled quickly

what does it lead to

A
  • they are recycled quickly because of hot and wet conditions
    which leads to:
  • rapid plant growth
  • decomposition of plant matter
42
Q

what is the structure of the TRF

A
  • emergents
  • canopy
  • under canopy
  • forest floor
43
Q

characteristics of the TRF

3 characteristics

A
  • layered structure providing habiatats for a range of species
  • hot and wet conditions (all year round rainfall)
  • all year round sunshine (excellent for photosynthesis)
44
Q

animal adaptations in the TRF

5 adaptations

A
  • monkeys have evolved with strong grips and long tails for balancing to collect fruit and nuts from the canopy
  • many species have camouflaged to blend in with the surroundings like geckos and jaguars
  • parrots and macaws have strong beaks to break open nuts.
  • sloths are extremely slow so they don’t draw attention to themselves.
  • poison dart frog is very poisonous its one drop can kill a human
45
Q

plant adaptations in the TRF

5 adaptations

A
  • buttress roots which provide stability for trees taht can grow up to 40 m in height
  • tree roots are shallow to gain any nutrients from the top layer of the soil
  • plants have drip tips leaves so that excess water can run off preventing rotting.
  • hardwood evergreens are like umbrellas
  • mushrooms have adapted to grow in the forest floor as only 2% of sunlight reaches here.
46
Q

tropical rainforest goods

goods of the TRF include

3 goods

A
  • fruit and nuts for indigenous tribes
  • plant species for medicines
  • timber for furniture, construction and fuels
47
Q

tropical rainforest services

services of the TRF include

3 services

A
  • home for the indigenous tribe
  • source of income through tourism
  • carbon store- removes co2 from the atmosphere
48
Q

effects of climate change

functioning

how does climate change effect functioning of the climate
2 impacts

A
  • functioning- the vital services the rainforest provides-flood prevention, carbon store, home for indigenous people, biodiverserse habitat
  • longer periods of drier conditions could stop ‘cloud functioning’
49
Q

effects of climate change

biodiversity

how does climate change effect biodiversity
2 impacts

A
  • biodiversity- is a term used to describe the variety of life on earth. it can be used more specifically used to refer to all the species in one region
  • less rainfall, which could threaten the survival of plants and animals, leading to the invasion of non-tropical rainforest species
50
Q

effects of climate change

structure

how does climate change effect conditons in the TRF

A
  • structure- the rainforest consists of several layers. each layer has plants and animals which are adapted to the conditions
  • drier conditions slow down the processes of decomposition, reducing the biomass store.
51
Q

causes of TRF deforestation

population growth

A

urbanisation and agricultural needs means that land is cleared to meet needs.

52
Q

causes of TRF deforestation

cattle ranching

A

the biggest cause of deforestation in the amazon. large areas of land are needed for cattle to graze

53
Q

causes of TRF deforestation

plam oil plantations

A

large areas are cleared for plam oil, as the demand for food and cosmetics grows for an increasing population

54
Q

causes of TRF deforestation

mining

A

valuable minerals are found in the TRF, such as iron ore.

55
Q

managing TRF

ecotourism

3 factors

A
  • educate local inhabitants, workers and tourists about the importance of conservation
  • income generated from tourists can be reinvested into conservation
  • creates jobs
56
Q

managing TRF

national forests

1 factor

A
  • ## protecting biodiversity through government policies
57
Q

managing TRF

reduced impact logging (RIL)

2 factors

A
  • more profitable than large clearance
  • also known as selective logging
58
Q

would the biotic factor survive if there were changes to the abiotic factors

A

no, as they are interdependent on each other

59
Q

services provided to humans

food

4 items

A
  • bananas grow in TRF and are now a $5 billion industry
  • black pepper grows on a flowering vine
  • coffee is grown in the shade
  • palm oil
60
Q

services provided to humans

medicines

3 medicines

A
  • rosy periwinkle can halt hodgkin’s disease. sales are $160 million a year
  • blueprint of aspirin is derived from willow trees
  • quinine helps to cure malaria
61
Q

services provided to humans

timber

2 uses

A
  • wood from mahogany and teak are used for flooring in the UK and USA
  • use wood for building materials and fuel.
62
Q

services provided to humans

recreation

4 ways

A
  • zip wires through the canopy, hanging bridges and high ropes
  • river boat rides
  • white water rafting
  • nature trails
63
Q

ways costa rica sustainably manages the TRF

A
  • tax deductions for forest owners
  • $50 per hectre they protect
  • small-scale tourism
  • sustainable farming techniques in talamanca
64
Q

deciduous woodland

name 4 abiotic factors

A
  • atmosphere
  • soil
  • water
  • rock
65
Q

deciduous woodland

name 2 biotic factors

A
  • plants (flora)
  • animals (fauna)
66
Q

deciduous woodland

how does the gersmehl model look like in a deciduous woodland

A
  • the biomass and soil stores are larger
  • litter is a bit small due to decomposition.
67
Q

deciduous woodland

does the deciduous woodland have more or less biodiversity than a TRF

A

less

68
Q

deciduous woodland

why does the deciduous woodland have less biodiversity

4 reasons

A
  • colder temperatures
  • less sunlight
  • smaller size ecosystem
  • higher latitude which means a lower temperature and less sunlight hours so less photosynthesis.
69
Q

deciduous woodland

animal adaptations

has 4 seasons so adaptations are important

3 adaptations

A
  • birds migrate
  • squirrels store food in the summer to use for the winter
  • hedgehogs hibernate to conserve energy due to less food around.
70
Q

deciduous woodland

plant adaptations

has 4 seasons so adaptations are important

4 adaptations

A
  • trees spread their branches for greater sunlight
  • broad thin leaves to maximum sunlight
  • large, deep roots which reach nutrients and groundwater
  • leaves drop to conserve water and reduce transpiration.
71
Q

goods provided by the deciduous woodland

3 goods

A
  • wood for fires and stoves
  • biofuel
  • timber
72
Q

services provided by the deciduous woodland

3 services

A
  • carbon storage-removes co2 from the atmosphere
  • protection of plant and animal species
  • recreation
73
Q

deciduous woodland-effects of climate change

how is the structure destroyed

A
  • rising temp and drier conditions which increase the risk of forest fires destroying wildlife habitats.
74
Q

deciduous woodland-effects of climate change

how is the functioning affected

A
  • periods of drought which could threaten the survival of deciduous trees and make them vulnerable to disease.
75
Q

deciduous woodland-effects of climate change

how is biodiversity affected

A
  • milder winters which could also threaten species as pests survive, causing a rise in diseases.
76
Q

causes of deciduous woodland deforestation

what are the causes of deciduous woodland deforestation

3 causes

A
  • agricultural change
  • urbanisation and population growth
  • timber extraction
77
Q

causes of deciduous woodland deforestation

agricultural change

A

increased demand putting pressure on ancient woodlands

78
Q

causes of deciduous woodland deforestation

urbanisation and population growth

A

pressure on the countryside where houses are sought after

79
Q

causes of deciduous woodland deforestation

timber extraction

A

faster growing and more profitable trees reduce biodiversity

80
Q
  • how do national parks protect deciduous woodlands
  • name a park
A
  • sustainable management
  • new forest
81
Q

name 3 protection strategies

A
  • new trees planted
  • the green leaf tourism
  • careful management by the national park authority
82
Q

protection strategies

why are new trees planted
- what is given to private landowners

A

to replace those cut down
- funding to plant native tree species

83
Q

protection strategies

what does the green leaf tourism scheme promote

A

promotes the use of local products and businesses dedicate land for wildlifes and recreation

84
Q

protection strategies

careful management by the national park authority

what does it provide

A

provides dedicated walk and cycle routes in fragile areas.

geography (6 decks)

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