Paper 1

Question 1

What colour is litmus paper in alkaline solutions?

Answer 1

Blue

Question 2

What colour is litmus paper in acidic solutions?

Answer 2

Red

Question 3

What colour is methyl orange in alkaline solutions?

Answer 3

Yellow

Question 4

What colour is methyl orange in acidic solutions?

Answer 4

Red

Question 5

What colour is phenolphthalein in alkaline solutions?

Answer 5

Pink

Question 6

What colour is phenolphthalein in acidic solutions?

Answer 6

Colourless

Question 7

What ions do acids have an excess of when they dissolve in water?

Answer 7

H+ ions

Question 8

What ions do alkalis have an excess of when they dissolve in water?

Answer 8

OH- ions

Question 9

What is the formula for hydrochloric acid?

Answer 9

HCl

Question 10

What is the formula for sulfuric acid?

Answer 10

H₂SO₄

Question 11

What is the formula for nitric acid?

Answer 11

HNO₃

Question 12

What is the formula for sodium hydroxide?

Answer 12

NaOH

Question 13

What is the formula for potassium hydroxide?

Answer 13

KOH

Question 14

What is the formula for calcium hydroxide?

Answer 14

Ca(OH)₂

Question 15

What is concentration?

Answer 15

The amount of a solute in a certain volume

Question 16

What makes an acid concentrated?

Answer 16

The higher the number of H+ ions, the more concentrated the acid
The higher the concentration, the more acidic it is

Question 17

What makes an alkali concentrated?

Answer 17

The higher the number of OH- ions, the more concentrated the alkali
The higher the concetration, the more alkaline it it

Question 18

How do you calculate concentration (g dm^3)?

Answer 18

Mass dissolved / volume of solution

Question 19

What is 1 dm^3 equivalent to?

Answer 19

1 litre or 1000 cm³

Question 20

How does concentration of H+ link to pH?

Answer 20

If the number of H+ increases by x10, the pH decreases by 1

If the number of H+ decreases by x10 (divided by 10) , the pH increases by 1

Question 21

What is a strong acid?

Answer 21

An acid that completely dissociates into ions when dissolved in water

Question 22

What is a weak acid?

Answer 22

An acid that only partially splits up into ions when dissolved in water

Question 23

What is a base?

Answer 23

A substance that neutralises acids to form salt and water only

Question 24

What are metal oxides?

Answer 24

Bases

Question 25

What happens during neutralisation?

Answer 25

The H+ (hydrogen) ions from the acid combine with the OH- (oxide) from the metal oxide/alkali to form water

Question 26

How do you find the empirical formula from the mass of each element combined in a compound?

Answer 26

Write out each symbol in a seperate column Underneath each write mass Divide the mass by the Ar Divide that by the smallest answer to get ratio Write out formula

Question 27

How do you find the mass of reactants/products?

Answer 27

Underline the substance you have been given mass of and the one you're trying to find. Write the masses above them Find the Mr for each Divide Mr of chemical ? by the Mr of the known chemical Multiply that by the known mass

Question 28

How do you find the limiting reactant?

Answer 28

Work out the number of moles of the first recatant Look at the ratio and see how much moles of the second reactant there should be Calculate the number of moles of the second reactant Compare

Question 29

What does the ending -ide mean?

Answer 29

Compound is made from 2 different elements

Question 30

What does the ending -ate mean?

Answer 30

Compund is made from 3 or more different elements

Question 31

What is C60 called?

Answer 31

Buckminsterfullerene

Question 32

What can spherical fullerenes be used for?

Answer 32

Catalysts Lubricants Vehicles for transporting drugs

Question 33

What can cylindrical fullerens be used for?

Answer 33

In electronics In nanotechnology Strengthening materials

Question 34

What is an independant variable?

Answer 34

Something you change

Question 35

What is a dependant variable?

Answer 35

Something you measure

Question 36

What is a control variable?

Answer 36

Something you keep the same

Question 37

What is Avogadro's Constant?

Answer 37

6.02 * 10²³

Question 38

Which way does equilibrium shift when the temperature increases?

Answer 38

In the endothermic direction

Question 39

Which way does equilibrium shift when the temperature decreases?

Answer 39

In the exothermic direction

Question 40

Which way does equilibrium shift when the pressure increases?

Answer 40

In the direction that forms fewer gas molecules

Question 41

Which way does equilibrium shift when the pressure decreases?

Answer 41

In the direction that forms more gas molecules

Question 42

Which way does equilibrium shift when the concentration increases?

Answer 42

Away from the reacting substance

Question 43

Which way does equilibrium shift when the concentration decreases?

Answer 43

Towards the reacting substance

Question 44

What are the stages of the oswald process?

Answer 44

1. Ammonia + oxygen <--> nitrogen monoxide + water 2. Nitrogen monoxide + oxygen <--> nitrogen dioxide 3. NItrogen dioxide + oxygen + water --> nitric acid

Question 45

What are the conditions of the oswald process?

Answer 45

Around 220c 4 atmospheres of pressure Platinum catalyst

Question 46

What does an electrical cell produce?

Answer 46

Energy transferred mainly by electricity in exothermic reaction

Question 47

How does a chemical cell work?

Answer 47

Two different metals dipped into a solution of one of their salts A salt bridge allows the dissolved ions to pass from one solution to the next The further apart in the reactivity series, the greater the voltage

Question 48

How does a fuel cell work?

Answer 48

At the left electrode (anode) the hydrogen atoms lose electrons to form hydrogen ions (2H₂ --> 4H+ + 4e) The electrons flow through the circuit to the right electrode (cathode) and the hydrogen ions flow through the membrane At the cathode the hydrogen ions and electrons react with oxygen to form water (4H+ + 4e + O₂ --> 2H₂O)

Question 49

What are the advantages of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells?

Answer 49

Produces a voltage as long as hydrogen and oxygen is provided Only product is water Does not need recharging using mains electricity Quieter that petrol or diesel engine

Question 50

What are the disadvantages of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells?

Answer 50

Hydrogen needs replacing (very few hydrogen stations) Flammable and explosive Uses platinum electrodes, which are expensive

Question 51

What is the test for chlorine?

Answer 51

Damp blue litmus paper will turn red then bleach

Question 52

What are the 3 most reactive metals in the reactivity series? (From most reactive)

Answer 52

Potassium Sodium Lithium

Question 53

What are the 3 least reactive metals in the reactivity series? (From least reactive)

Answer 53

Gold Copper Iron