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Chemistry > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What colour is litmus paper in alkaline solutions?

A

Blue

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2
Q

What colour is litmus paper in acidic solutions?

A

Red

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3
Q

What colour is methyl orange in alkaline solutions?

A

Yellow

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4
Q

What colour is methyl orange in acidic solutions?

A

Red

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5
Q

What colour is phenolphthalein in alkaline solutions?

A

Pink

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6
Q

What colour is phenolphthalein in acidic solutions?

A

Colourless

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7
Q

What ions do acids have an excess of when they dissolve in water?

A

H+ ions

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8
Q

What ions do alkalis have an excess of when they dissolve in water?

A

OH- ions

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9
Q

What is the formula for hydrochloric acid?

A

HCl

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10
Q

What is the formula for sulfuric acid?

A

H₂SO₄

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11
Q

What is the formula for nitric acid?

A

HNO₃

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12
Q

What is the formula for sodium hydroxide?

A

NaOH

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13
Q

What is the formula for potassium hydroxide?

A

KOH

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14
Q

What is the formula for calcium hydroxide?

A

Ca(OH)₂

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15
Q

What is concentration?

A

The amount of a solute in a certain volume

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16
Q

What makes an acid concentrated?

A

The higher the number of H+ ions, the more concentrated the acid
The higher the concentration, the more acidic it is

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17
Q

What makes an alkali concentrated?

A

The higher the number of OH- ions, the more concentrated the alkali
The higher the concetration, the more alkaline it it

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18
Q

How do you calculate concentration (g dm^3)?

A

Mass dissolved / volume of solution

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19
Q

What is 1 dm^3 equivalent to?

A

1 litre or 1000 cm³

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20
Q

How does concentration of H+ link to pH?

A

If the number of H+ increases by x10, the pH decreases by 1

If the number of H+ decreases by x10 (divided by 10) , the pH increases by 1

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21
Q

What is a strong acid?

A

An acid that completely dissociates into ions when dissolved in water

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22
Q

What is a weak acid?

A

An acid that only partially splits up into ions when dissolved in water

23
Q

What is a base?

A

A substance that neutralises acids to form salt and water only

24
Q

What are metal oxides?

A

Bases

25
Q

What happens during neutralisation?

A

The H+ (hydrogen) ions from the acid combine with the OH- (oxide) from the metal oxide/alkali to form water

26
Q

How do you find the empirical formula from the mass of each element combined in a compound?

A

Write out each symbol in a seperate column
Underneath each write mass
Divide the mass by the Ar
Divide that by the smallest answer to get ratio
Write out formula

27
Q

How do you find the mass of reactants/products?

A

Underline the substance you have been given mass of and the one you’re trying to find. Write the masses above them
Find the Mr for each
Divide Mr of chemical ? by the Mr of the known chemical
Multiply that by the known mass

28
Q

How do you find the limiting reactant?

A

Work out the number of moles of the first recatant
Look at the ratio and see how much moles of the second reactant there should be
Calculate the number of moles of the second reactant
Compare

29
Q

What does the ending -ide mean?

A

Compound is made from 2 different elements

30
Q

What does the ending -ate mean?

A

Compund is made from 3 or more different elements

31
Q

What is C60 called?

A

Buckminsterfullerene

32
Q

What can spherical fullerenes be used for?

A

Catalysts
Lubricants
Vehicles for transporting drugs

33
Q

What can cylindrical fullerens be used for?

A

In electronics
In nanotechnology
Strengthening materials

34
Q

What is an independant variable?

A

Something you change

35
Q

What is a dependant variable?

A

Something you measure

36
Q

What is a control variable?

A

Something you keep the same

37
Q

What is Avogadro’s Constant?

A

6.02 * 10²³

38
Q

Which way does equilibrium shift when the temperature increases?

A

In the endothermic direction

39
Q

Which way does equilibrium shift when the temperature decreases?

A

In the exothermic direction

40
Q

Which way does equilibrium shift when the pressure increases?

A

In the direction that forms fewer gas molecules

41
Q

Which way does equilibrium shift when the pressure decreases?

A

In the direction that forms more gas molecules

42
Q

Which way does equilibrium shift when the concentration increases?

A

Away from the reacting substance

43
Q

Which way does equilibrium shift when the concentration decreases?

A

Towards the reacting substance

44
Q

What are the stages of the oswald process?

A
  1. Ammonia + oxygen <–> nitrogen monoxide + water
  2. Nitrogen monoxide + oxygen <–> nitrogen dioxide
  3. NItrogen dioxide + oxygen + water –> nitric acid
45
Q

What are the conditions of the oswald process?

A

Around 220c
4 atmospheres of pressure
Platinum catalyst

46
Q

What does an electrical cell produce?

A

Energy transferred mainly by electricity in exothermic reaction

47
Q

How does a chemical cell work?

A

Two different metals dipped into a solution of one of their salts
A salt bridge allows the dissolved ions to pass from one solution to the next
The further apart in the reactivity series, the greater the voltage

48
Q

How does a fuel cell work?

A

At the left electrode (anode) the hydrogen atoms lose electrons to form hydrogen ions (2H₂ –> 4H+ + 4e)

The electrons flow through the circuit to the right electrode (cathode) and the hydrogen ions flow through the membrane

At the cathode the hydrogen ions and electrons react with oxygen to form water (4H+ + 4e + O₂ –> 2H₂O)

49
Q

What are the advantages of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells?

A

Produces a voltage as long as hydrogen and oxygen is provided
Only product is water
Does not need recharging using mains electricity
Quieter that petrol or diesel engine

50
Q

What are the disadvantages of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells?

A

Hydrogen needs replacing (very few hydrogen stations)
Flammable and explosive
Uses platinum electrodes, which are expensive

51
Q

What is the test for chlorine?

A

Damp blue litmus paper will turn red then bleach

52
Q

What are the 3 most reactive metals in the reactivity series? (From most reactive)

A

Potassium
Sodium
Lithium

53
Q

What are the 3 least reactive metals in the reactivity series? (From least reactive)

A

Gold
Copper
Iron

Chemistry (2 decks)

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