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Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do red blood cells not have a nucleus?

A

To allow the cell to make more haemoglobin

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2
Q

Explain how a nerve cell is adapted to its function:

A

Axon- is long to connect distance parts of the body
Dendrites- finger- like to make connections with other nerve cells.

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3
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus:

A

to store and protect the DNA within a cell and contains chromosomes which control the cells activities

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4
Q

The cell membrane controls? And what it is made up of:

A

What leaves and enters the cell
> made up of cellulose which supports the cell

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5
Q

What is the function of the sub- cellular structure chloroplasts? ( 3 marks )

A

Contain the green pigment chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight which contributes to photosynthesis by absorbing sunlight to make glucose for the cell.

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6
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Jelly- like substance that fills the cell, many reactions take place here.

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7
Q

Function of mitochondria:

A

Release energy for the cell to process and where respiration takes place

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8
Q

Function of ribosomes:

A

Where proteins are made; protein synthesis

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9
Q

What is active transport?

A

the movement of dissolved molecules into or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.

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10
Q

Give the name of the tissue where plant stem cells are found:

A

Meristem.

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11
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that can divide to produce many types of cell.
3 types:
> embryonic
> adult stem cells
> plants have meristems

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12
Q

Why would people want to make clones?

A

Save species from extinction OR
Make identical plants that are disease resistant ( for farmers )

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13
Q

What are the two risks of using adult stem cells for medical treatments?

A

Chance of rejection by bloodstream
Could lead to rapid cell division- cancer

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14
Q

What is a relay neurone?

A

Relay neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord and allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate.

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15
Q

What is a sensory neurone?

A

carries electrical impulses to the spinal cord and brain.

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16
Q

What is a motor neurone?

A

carry nerve impulses away from the central nervous system. The neurone ends in either a muscle or gland, which are effectors.

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17
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading of particles so there is a net movement from a area of high concentration to low concentration

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18
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a semi permeable membrane.

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19
Q

Rule for osmosis practical ?

A

The higher the concentration of the solution the more particles that will enter the potato and swell it and the lower the concentration; eg distilled water, the smaller the potato will become because the concentration is lower in the water so the particles will leave the potato.

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20
Q

How does the immune system defend the body from disease? ( 3 marks )

A

Pathogens cause the production of antibodies by lymphocytes which leads to the destruction of the pathogen

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21
Q

What does meristem do for plants?

A

Produces more cells by mitosis

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22
Q

What is the only correct definition for dna?

A

Double helix with strands joined together by hydrogen bonds between bases

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23
Q

What is a change in a DNA sequence called?

A

A mutation

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24
Q

Why are bird cells described as eukaryotic?

A

They have membrane bound organelles

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25
Give a reason for why the 3 domain classification system was introduced
For improved genetic analysis
26
Why is ethanol added to the DNA practical?
To precipitate the DNA
27
Why would you repeat a experiment?
To compare data collected
28
Explain how some bacteria become resistant to antibodies over time:
- natural evolution - some bacteria may have mutations - bacteria that have survived previously have reproduced
29
What domain do plants belong to?
Eukarya
30
What happens in the chloroplasts?
Sunlight has been absorbed and oxygen has been produced
31
Describe 3 features of a bacteria cell:
> a flagella to swim and navigate > They have a cell wall which supports the cell > contain ribosomes for protein synthesis
32
What is a plasmid?
In a bacteria cell , strands of DNA
33
Explain how a human insulin gene can be inserted into a plasmid?
> cut the gene (from the genome) using restriction enzymes > cut the plasmid with a restriction enzyme > join the DNA using ligase
34
Why is protease added to the mashed peas and washing up liquid solution?
Protease breaks down proteins and destroys the enzymes that might destroy the DNA.
35
Why can chlamydia be treated with antibiotics?
Antibiotics kill the pathogens because it’s originally caused by bacteria
36
Explain how HIV can lead to the onset of AIDS
HIV kill white blood cells which protect the body against disease, this causes the patient to be exposed to other diseases including aids
37
State how the use of antibiotics can sometimes cause bacteria to become resistant to them:
Overuse in the antibiotics
38
What do prokaryotic cells not have?
A nucleus
39
40
Explain how bacteria can be genetically engineered to produce human insulin.
The gene that codes for human insulin is found in the human DNA This is removed using a restriction enzyme The plasmid of the bacteria cell is removed using lysosomes The plasmid is cut open using restriction enzyme and the human gene is inserted into the human gene using the enzyme ligase
41
What enzyme is used to join a bacteria to produce human insulin
Ligase
42
State why scientists are genetically engineering animals for organ transplants
There aren’t enough donators to meet the demand
43
What is the food test for starch?
Iodine- add to food sample, mix, if starch is present will change from orange to black/ blue
44
What is the food test for proteins?
Biuret solution- add to food sample, if protein present will go purple
45
What is the food test for sugars?
Benedict’s solution- add to food sample, if present, will go red
46
Food Test for lipids?
Sudan stain solution- add to food sample, if sugar is present a distinct layer will form as the lipids separate.
47
What is a xylem?
Water is transported from roots into the leaves
48
What is a phloem?
Transports sucrose and amino acids up and down the plant
49
What are the 4 types of pathogen?
Bacteria Protist Fungi Virus
50
Example of bacteria?
Salomonella
51
Example of protist?
Malaria
52
Example of fungi?
Athletes foot
53
Example of virus?
HIV
54
What are examples of the first layer of defence?
Mucus, skin, hair, stomach acid and lysozymes
55
What are lysozymes?
Enzyme in tears that kill bacteria
56
What is stage 1 of drug development?
Testing on human cells or tissues
57
What is stage 2 of drug development?
Testing on animals
58
What is stage 3 of drug development?
Clinical trails, double blind and placebo trials
59
What is the photosynthesis equation?
Carbon dioxide+ water> glucose+ oxygen
60
What is the respiration equation?
Glucose+ oxygen > carbon dioxide + water
61
What is metabolism?
Sum of chemical reactions in the body
62
What is better about electron microscopes?
Better magnification and resolution
63
What is a advantage of a light microscope?
Cheaper and easier to use
64
What do carbohydrates break down into?
Simple sugars
65
What do proteins break down into?
Amino acids
66
What do lipids break down into?
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
67
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Biology🧬 (13 decks)

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