Paper 1

Question 1

Who is David Crystal ?

Answer 1

Descriptive linguist. Believes language should be described rather than prescribed. Highlights how context, audience, and purpose influence language choices.

Question 2

Who is Halliday ?

Answer 2

Systemic Functional Linguistics – Language serves ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. Language is a resource for making meaning depending on context.

Question 3

What are Grice’s Maxims ?

Answer 3

Cooperative Principle:

Quantity

Quality

Relation

Manner

Question 4

What is Goffman’s theory ?

Answer 4

Face Theory

Question 5

What is Face Theory

Answer 5

We maintain “face” (self-image). Positive face (wanting to be liked), negative face (wanting freedom). Useful in spoken discourse analysis.

Question 6

What is Giles’s theory

Answer 6

People adjust speech to accommodate others:

Convergence (reducing social distance)

Divergence (emphasizing difference)
Reveals power dynamics and social relationships.

Question 7

What is Deborah Tannen theory ?

Answer 7

Men and women have different conversational styles. Useful in analyzing gendered language. Not prescriptive but observational.