Paper 1 Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
Magna Carta (1215)
A
- Limited the powers of the monarch and established the principle that everyone, including the king, is subject to the law.
- Foundation of the rule of law and early development of civil liberties.
2
Q
Bill of Rights (1689)
A
- Asserted parliamentary sovereignty over the monarchy, established regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament
- Marked the start of constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
3
Q
Act of Settlement (1701)
A
- Determined succession to the throne, ensuring only Protestants could be monarch, and increased judicial independence.
- Strengthened parliamentary control over the monarchy and laid groundwork for a politically neutral judiciary.
4
Q
Acts of Union (1707)
A
- United the English and Scottish Parliaments to form the Parliament of Great Britain.
- Centralised legislative authority and created a unified political structure under one sovereign parliament.
5
Q
Parliament Acts (1911 & 1949)
A
1911 Act: Removed the House of Lords’ power to veto money bills and limited their ability to delay other bills to two years.
1949 Act: Reduced the Lords’ delaying power further to one year.
- Strengthened the authority of the elected House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords.
6
Q
European Communities Act (1972)
A
- Brought the UK into the European Economic Community (later EU), giving EU law precedence over UK law.
- Marked a major shift in sovereignty, integrating European and domestic law until Brexit.
7
Q
Common Law
A
The system of law formed by the decisions of the judiciary (court judgments). Important principles such as the rule of law and habeas corpus are rooted in common law.
8
Q
Royal Prerogative
A
Autonomy held by the monarch, which is often exercised on advice of the Prime Minister or the Cabinet.
Examples include granting honours, signing treaties and declaring war.
9
Q
Conventions
A
Unwritten traditions which have guided the operations of the British political system. Examples include cabinet government, parliamentary sovereignty, and the principle of collective responsibility.
10
Q
Authoritative Works
A
Books discussing the UK Constitution that have influential status.
Examples include Walter Bagehot’s ‘The English Constitution’ and A.V. Dicey’s ‘Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution’.
11
Q
EU Laws and Treaties
A
Prior to Brexit, the European Union laws were a key source of the UK Constitution. These laws and treaties, such as the Maastricht Treaty, had a direct impact on UK law.
12
Q
International Law
A
The UK is signatory to a number of international treaties and obligations which effectively represent an aspect of the constitution. Examples include United Nations agreements and the European Convention on Human Rights.
13
Q
Statute Law
A
Refers to the Acts of Parliament and how they affect and alter the constitution e.g the Great Reform Act 1832.
14
Q
Nature of the Constitution
A
Unentrenched (Flexible), Unitary (Central Government Power), Rule of Law, Uncodified, Parliamentary Sovereignty.
15
Q
What did the Scotland Act 1998 establish?
A
The Scotland Act 1998 established the Scottish Parliament and primary legislative powers in health, education, justice, and the ability to vary income tax by 3p to the pound.
16
Q
What did the Government of Wales Act 1998 establish?
A
The Government of Wales Act 1998 established the Welsh Assembly, which has secondary legislative powers in specific areas like agriculture, housing, and education.
17
Q
What was established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998?
A
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 established the Northern Ireland Assembly, which is headed by two parties at all times as part of the Good Friday Agreement.
18
Q
What did the Human Rights Act 1998 do?
A
The Human Rights Act 1998 made the rights outlined in the European Convention on Human Rights part of UK law. This makes it so people can go to court over human rights violations in the uk rather than in Brussels Europe (cheaper and easier).
19
Q
What was the significance of the House of Lords Act 1999?
A
The House of Lords Act 1999 removed all but 92 hereditary peers, reducing the size of the House from around 1,300 members to 669.
20
Q
What did the Local Government Act 2000 aim to do?
A
The Local Government Act 2000 introduced measures designed to modernise local government structure and promote local democracy.
21
Q
What is the purpose of the Freedom of Information Act 2000?
A
The Freedom of Information Act 2000 enhances transparency in the UK Government by granting public access to information held by public authorities.
22
Q
What did the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 establish?
A
The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 established the UK’s Supreme Court and further separated judicial and legislative powers, highest court instead of the HoL.
23
Q
Individual Rights
A
- Freedom of Expression
- The right to privacy
- The right to press freedom
- The right to demonstrate
- The right to strike in pursuit of pay and rights
24
Q
Conflicting Collective Rights
A
- Rights of religious groups not to have their beliefs questioned
- The right of the community to be protected from terrorism by security services which may listen in
- The right of public figures to keep private lives private
- The right of Community to their own freedom of movement
- The right of the community to expect good service from public servants
25
What central roles does the House of Commons play in the UK’s political system?
Law-making, policy scrutiny, and representing public opinion
26
What principle indicates that the decisions of the House of Commons have superior legal force?
Parliamentary supremacy
27
What are the three types of peers in the House of Lords?
bishops, hereditary peers, and life peers.
28
How many bishops are included in the House of Lords?
includes 26 bishops from the Church of England, known as the Lords Spiritual.
29
What is the status of hereditary peers in the House of Lords as of the House of Lords Act 1999?
Only 92 hereditary peers remain by election within the House of Lords.
30
What is the majority composition of the House of Lords?
The majority of members are life peers appointed through the Life Peerages Act 1958.
31
What are some ways the House of Commons scrutinises the Executive?
Through Prime Minister’s Questions, debates, and committee investigations.
32
Can the House of Lords block or delay Money Bills?
No, the Lords can review and suggest amendments but cannot block or delay these.
33
What exclusive financial power does the House of Commons have?
The House of Commons has the exclusive power to initiate Money Bills.
34
What legislative supremacy does the House of Commons have over the House of Lords?
The Commons has supremacy over the Lords in all legislative areas, primarily due to the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949.
35
What can the House of Lords do with legislation?
They can scrutinise, amend, or delay legislation, but they cannot veto it.
36
What type of experience do members of the House of Lords typically have?
Its members often have years of experience in various fields.
37
What is Burkean representation?
MPs are responsible for representing their constituents but are not bound by this; they can vote based on their own judgement.
38
What is a criticism of Burkean representation?
It is an elitist model that assumes MPs know better than their constituents, leading to a lack of direct representation.
39
What is the Delegate Model of representation?
An MP should vote on behalf of the general opinion of their constituency without allowing their own morals to dictate their opinion.
40
What is a criticism of the Delegate Model?
MPs are expected to tow the party line, which may conflict with representing their constituents.
41
What is the Mandate Model of representation?
MPs follow party whips' guidelines, which can be non-binding or binding depending on the situation.
42
What are the three types of party whip guidelines in the Mandate Model?
Single: non-binding to attend or vote; Two-line: must attend, partially binding to vote; Three-line: must attend and vote according to party policy.
43
What is a criticism of the Mandate Model?
It may not always represent constituents' views and can lead MPs to act against their morals.
44
What is one function of committees in government?
They scrutinise government policy.
45
What ways do committees scrutinise government policy?
- carrying out inquiries
- writing reports
- carrying out question and answer sessions
46
What is a limitation of select committees regarding government policy?
They can criticise government policy, but cannot change it.
47
How are the chairs of select committees chosen?
The chairs of select committees are elected by Parliament as a whole.
48
What powers does Parliament have to scrutinise the Government and Executive?
Parliament retains important powers to scrutinise, question, and challenge the Government, often fulfilled by Select Committees.
49
What mechanisms allow MPs to scrutinise the work of the government?
Mechanisms such as debates, urgent questions, and ministerial statements allow MPs to scrutinise the work of the government.
50
How do both Houses of Parliament hold the executive to account?
Both Houses make use of Question Time to hold the executive to account.
51
What role does the House of Lords play in legislative processes?
The Lords acts as a revising chamber, can propose amendments, and delay legislation proposed by the Government for up to one year.
52
What can the House of Commons do regarding proposed legislation?
The Commons can reject proposed legislation and, in theory, can vote a Government out of power through a vote of no confidence.
53
In what capacities does the Prime Minister represent the UK?
The Prime Minister represents the UK domestically and internationally, playing a pivotal role in negotiations, summits, and diplomatic relations.
54
What factors can limit the effectiveness of a Prime Minister's power?
The effectiveness of a Prime Minister's power is contingent upon the dynamics of Parliament, the strength of their political party, public opinion, and global events
55
What are the main functions of the Cabinet?
The Cabinet provides advice on strategic decisions, helps push the government's legislative agenda, and represents their respective departments.
56
What is collective responsibility in the Cabinet?
Collective responsibility means that if a cabinet member disagrees with a decision, they must resign from their position.
57
What is Individual Ministerial Responsibility?
Individual Ministerial Responsibility requires ministers to take responsibility for their actions and the actions of their department.
58
Can you give an example of Individual Ministerial Responsibility?
An example is the resignation of Ron Davies, the Secretary of State for Wales, for sexual misconduct in 1998.
59
Can you provide an example of Collective Ministerial Responsibility?
An example is Iain Duncan Smith over Welfare Reforms in 2016, where he did not want to cut disability benefits.
60
What was the official name of the poll tax introduced by Margaret Thatcher?
Community Charge
61
62
What limitations does the Cabinet face?
The Cabinet faces limitations from checks and balances by committees and opposing MPs.
63
What tax did Margaret Thatcher introduce in the late 1980s?
The poll tax, officially known as the Community Charge. Replaced the domestic rates system, which was based on property values.
64
How was the poll tax structured?
It was a flat-rate tax per adult resident, regardless of income or property value.
65
Why was the poll tax considered regressive?
Every adult paid the same amount, which disproportionately affected low-income individuals.
66
What was one of the main goals of the poll tax?
To make local councils more financially responsible to voters.
67
What significant public reaction occurred against the poll tax?
Widespread public opposition and mass protests, including the Poll Tax Riots in London in March 1990. It severely damaged Thatchers popularity and was a key factor in her resignation in November 1990.
68
What tax replaced the poll tax?
The Council Tax, introduced in 1993 under John Major's government.
69
What did Tony Blair argue justified the invasion of Iraq?
Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and posed a serious threat.
70
What was the timeline for Saddam Hussein's alleged WMD deployment according to Blair?
Saddam Hussein could deploy WMDs within 45 minutes.
71
Did the UK have a second UN resolution authorising the use of force in Iraq?
No, joined the US in the invasion March 2003.
72
What did Blair emphasise as a reason for military intervention in Iraq?
The need to uphold international security and moral responsibility.
73
What was the scale of public opposition to the Iraq War in February 2003?
Over a million people marched in London, the largest protest in UK history.
74
What did the Chilcot Inquiry criticise about Blair's government regarding the Iraq War?
Exaggerating the threat, failing to plan for post-war Iraq, and over-relying on uncertain intelligence. It severely damaged his reputation and trust in government decision-making in the UK.
75
What was a major consequence of the lack of found WMDs in Iraq?
It undermined the government's case for the war.
76
What does 'Primus inter pares' mean in the context of the Prime Minister and Cabinet?
The PM is 'first among equals,' leading but formally sharing decision-making with Cabinet ministers
77
What are the key roles of the Cabinet?
Advises the PM, discusses major policy issues, resolves departmental disputes, and legitimises decisions.
78
What powers does the Prime Minister have over the Cabinet?
The PM can appoint, reshuffle, or dismiss ministers, control the Cabinet agenda, and use bilateral meetings to bypass full Cabinet discussion.
79
What political realities can constrain the Prime Minister's power?
The need to manage coalition partners or maintain party unity.
80
What happened to Margaret Thatcher in 1990 regarding her Cabinet?
She lost Cabinet support and had to resign after poll tax.
81
How did Tony Blair's relationship with his Cabinet change over time?
He was dominant early on but faced increasing Cabinet resistance over Iraq.
82
What challenge did Theresa May face with her Cabinet?
She struggled to manage a divided Cabinet over Brexit.
83
What happened to Amber Rudd in 2018 relating to Individual Responsibility?
She resigned as Home Secretary after misleading Parliament over immigration targets during the Windrush scandal.
84
What led to Priti Patel's resignation in 2017 relating to Individual Responsibility?
She resigned after holding unauthorised meetings with Israeli officials, breaching ministerial rules.
85
What did Robin Cook do in 2003 regarding the Iraq War relating to Collective Responsibility?
He resigned as Foreign Secretary over the Iraq War, stating he could not support the government's stance.
86
Why did David Davis and Boris Johnson resign in 2018 relating to Collective Responsibility?
They both resigned over Theresa May's Brexit plan, citing irreconcilable differences.
87
What does the Supreme Court do?
Hears appeals from the Court of Appeal, and the most serious cases.
88
What are the key principles of judicial appointments in the UK?
Appointments are based on merit, independence, and transparency.
89
What independent body was created by the 2005 Constitutional Reform Act? What does it do?
Judicial Appointments Commission (JAC), Recommends candidates for most judicial posts in England and Wales based on merit, fairness, and open competition.
90
What happens when there is a vacancy in the Supreme Court?
A selection commission is formed, including senior judges and members of the JAC.
91
What is the significance of Baroness Hale's appointment in 2017?
She was appointed as the first female President of the UK Supreme Court through a formal, merit-based process, which was rare given the lack of diversity in the judiciary.
92
What is the minimum legal experience required for candidates in judicial appointments in the SC?
Usually at least 15 years of legal experience or senior judicial service.
93
What act established the Supreme Court?
The 2005 Constitutional Reform Act
94
What was the aim of the 2005 Constitutional Reform Act regarding the judiciary?
To separate government and parliament from the judiciary system
95
How many members make up the Supreme Court?
12 members
96
How many judges usually hear cases in the Supreme Court?
5-9 judges
97
What demographic criticism has been directed at the Supreme Court?
The majority of judges are white males who have been privately educated or went to oxford. Cant empathise with BAME or female experiences.
98
How many female judges were on the Supreme Court in 2017?
One female judge
99
What is judicial independence?
Judicial independence is the principle that the actions and decisions of judges should not be influenced by pressure from other branches of government or politics.
100
Can judges be removed from their position for making unpopular decisions?
No, judges cannot be sacked unless they break the law, preventing threats of removal for making the 'wrong' decision.
101
What does judicial neutrality refer to?
Judicial neutrality refers to the absence of any form of partisanship or politically biased judgments.
102
What restrictions are placed on Supreme Court judges to maintain neutrality?
Judges cannot sit in cases involving an associate or family member and must avoid open political activity.
103
What bias has been argued regarding the background of judges?
It has been argued that judges from a narrow background (white, male, privately-educated) may have a conservative bias and bias against women, ethnic minorities, and poorer people.
104
What did Lady Hale highlight about the appointment of judges since her own?
Lady Hale pointed out that since her appointment, 13 judges had been appointed, all of whom were male, white, and mostly privately and Oxbridge-educated.
105
What trend has been observed in judicial activism?
There has been a rise in judicial activism, especially relating to human rights and civil liberties cases, where judges openly criticise the actions of government.
106
What was the case For Women Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers about?
The definition of 'woman' and 'sex' under the Equality Act 2010, they ruled they refer strictly to biological sex, not gender identity.
107
What significant debate did the ruling in For Women Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers spark?
Debate on transgender rights and the interpretation of equality laws.
108
What was the issue in Burmah Oil Co v Lord Advocate?
Burmah Oil sought compensation after British forces destroyed its property during WWII. They ruled the government must pay compensation for lawful wartime destruction.
109
What legislative action did Parliament take following the ruling in Burmah Oil Co v Lord Advocate?
Significance?
Parliament passed the War Damage Act 1965 to overturn the ruling. It showed Parliament's supremacy over the judiciary, allowing it to reverse court decisions through legislation.
110
What is one role of devolved bodies?
To give more power to people locally, ensuring decisions are made closer to the regional level.
111
What is one responsibility of devolved bodies?
To allow central government to concentrate on areas of policy best administered on a national basis.
112
How do devolved bodies address local concerns?
By allowing regional governments to address local concerns.
113
What is the 'West Lothian question'?
the issue where England constituency MPs cannot vote on many matters affecting Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, while Westminster MPs from these regions can vote on matters that potentially only affect England.
114
What is being devolved to city-regions in England?
An extended range of powers is being devolved to city-regions based on major cities such as Birmingham, Manchester, and Bristol, often led by a directly-elected Mayor.
115
What is the role of the Greater London Assembly?
It decides and discusses issues relating to London specifically.
116
What was Tony Blair's proposal regarding powers in the UK?
He tried to give all areas of the UK separate powers, but a referendum rejected this.
117
What is a topic of debate regarding governance in England?
The establishment of an English Parliament.
118
What is one argument for extending devolution?
Devolution has been successful and is now accepted by the vast majority of people in those regions e.g free education in Scotland.
119
How would extending devolution address the problem of power centralisation?
It would further address the problem of over-centralisation of power in the UK Parliament.
120
What question does extending devolution address?
It addresses the ‘West Lothian question’.
121
What regional identity may benefit from devolved powers?
Cornwall has a strong regional identity that may be well-served by having power devolved to them
122
What issue related to funding could be addressed by a devolved English Parliament?
Currently, under the Barnett formula, England receives less funding from UK taxes per capita than other UK regions.
123
What is one argument against extending devolution?
Power may end up being too fragmented, leading to possible differences in legislation in different areas.
124
What would be the impact of introducing an English Parliament on the UK Parliament?
The role and significance of the UK Parliament would be much reduced, leading to questions over the location of sovereignty.
125
What was demonstrated by the strong no vote for a proposed North East Assembly?
There is little public appetite for an English Parliament.
126
How might giving regional governments more powers affect independence demands?
It may accelerate demands for independence as regions controlling their own legislation may wish to become formally separate.
127
What established the Scottish Parliament?
The Scotland Act 1998 after a referendum on devolution scoring 74.3% and around 60% for additional taxation powers in 1997.
128
How many elected Members are in the Scottish Parliament?
129 elected Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs)
129
What matters are within the legislative competence of the Scottish Parliament?
Devolved matters, including health, education, and transport.
130
What did the Scotland Act 2016 do?
It further increased the Parliament’s powers, particularly in areas like taxation and welfare.
131
What was a significant event in 2014 regarding Scotland's constitutional status?
The referendum on possible independence from the UK. 55% No, 45% yes.
132
What was the outcome of the Brexit vote in Scotland?
Scotland voted in favour of remain which has reignited questions about the future of devolution and Scotland’s relationship with the rest of the UK.
133
What agreement established devolution in Northern Ireland?
The Good Friday Agreement in 1998
134
What powers does the Northern Ireland Assembly have?
The power to pass primary legislation (Acts) and secondary legislation (regulations and orders) in devolved areas.
135
What are some devolved areas of the Northern Ireland Assembly?
Health, education, and agriculture, among others.
136
What principle does the Northern Ireland Assembly operate on?
Power-sharing to ensure representation for both unionist and nationalist communities.
137
What significant challenges has the Northern Ireland Assembly faced?
Multiple suspensions, including the longest from 2002 to 2007 due to disagreements between parties.
138
What happened to the Northern Ireland Assembly from 2022 to 2024?
There was no Assembly, and Westminster had to take over.
139
What act created the Welsh Assembly?
Government of Wales Act 1998
140
What powers did the Welsh Assembly originally lack?
Primary legislative powers, until the Government of Wales Act 2006
141
What significant change occurred in 2011 regarding the Welsh Assembly's powers?
Gained the power to pass Acts on matters not reserved to Westminster, gained primary legislative powers.
142
What was the outcome of the 2011 referendum regarding the Welsh Assembly's powers?
63% yes, 37% no
143
What is one piece of legislation produced by the Welsh Assembly since gaining primary legislative powers?
Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015, To consider long-term sustainability when making decisions
144
What term describes the UK's system of governance that has features of a federal system due to devolution?
Quasi-federalism
145
What has contributed to the establishment of devolution in the UK?
Referendums that provided democratic legitimacy
146
Which political party's rise in popularity has influenced devolution in the UK?
The Scottish National Party (SNP)
147
What event led to the gradual transfer of more powers to the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly?
The 2014 Scottish independence referendum
148
What is direct democracy?
A system where all citizens participate in making public decisions without elected or appointed officials.
149
What is a strength of direct democracy?
It is considered 'real' democracy as the people choose the policies/laws they want, making them more legitimate decisions.
150
What is a challenge of implementing direct democracy in large societies?
It is practically unachievable due to the size and complexity of modern societies.
151
What is a concern regarding voter participation in direct democracy?
There is no guarantee that people would vote in large numbers or be well-informed enough to make the best decisions.
152
Which country is an example of direct democracy?
Switzerland
153
What is representative democracy?
A system where people elect representatives to law-making bodies who make decisions on their behalf.
154
What is a strength of representative democracy?
Decisions are made by people with more knowledge and expertise.
155
How does representative democracy affect public acceptance of decisions?
It encourages acceptance of compromise since people have not made the decision themselves.
156
What is a limitation of representative democracy?
It may not accurately depict public opinion.
157
Which country is an example of representative democracy?
United Kingdom (UK)
158
What was the Great Reform Act 1832?
extended the vote to middle-class men and increased the electorate from ~400,000 to 650,000.
159
What did the Great Reform Act abolish?
Many rotten boroughs and gave seats to new industrial towns.
160
What was the Second Reform Act 1867?
extended the vote to urban working-class men and doubled the electorate to ~2 million. Supported by the Conservatives, led by Disraeli, to gain political advantage
161
What was the Third Reform Act 1884?
gave the vote to rural working-class men, raising the electorate to ~5.5 million.
162
What was the Representation of the People Act of 1918?
An act that gave the vote to all men over 21 and women over 30 who met property criteria, tripling the electorate to ~21 million. It allowed women to vote in national elections for the first time.
163
What was the Equal Franchise Act of 1928?
An act that granted equal voting rights to women aged 21+, allowing them to vote on the same terms as men. It increased the electorate to ~28 million.
164
What did the Representation of the People Act of 1969 change?
It lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 for all adults. It reflected social changes and growing youth activism during the 1960s.
165
What has fueled the participation crisis in politics?
Declining turnout rates in elections and rising levels of apathy.
166
What was the highest election turnout rate in the UK post-war?
83% in 1950.
167
What was the election turnout rate in the UK in 2024?
60%, narrowly becoming the lowest turnout since 2001 at 59.4%.
168
How has the membership of political parties like Labour and Conservatives changed recently?
It has dropped dramatically, with Labour losing 11% of their membership due to their stance on Gaza and Green Policies. The Conservative party has lost almost 200,000 members since 2001, a reduction of almost 60%.
169
What characteristic of the UK electoral system affects voter engagement?
Many people live in 'safe seats' where one party is almost guaranteed to win. It makes people less encouraged to vote or be interested in politics.
170
What is the Additional Member System (AMS)?
AMS is a hybrid electoral system that combines First Past the Post (FPTP) with Proportional Representation (PR). AMS is used in the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Senedd, and London Assembly.
171
What formula is used to allocate seats in the proportional representation element of AMS?
The D'Hondt formula is used to allocate seats.
172
What is three advantages of the Additional Member System?
AMS is more proportional. maintains the MP-constituent link. provides greater voter choice.
173
What is a disadvantage of AMS?
It can create confusion or tension between constituency and list members (dual mandate) by having two representatives. There is party control over lists.AMS is less simple than FPTP. There is a likelihood of coalition governments.
174
What is the Supplementary Vote (SV)?
SV is a majoritarian system used to elect a single winner, requiring 50% of the vote. Voters have two choices: a first preference and a second preference.
175
What happens if no candidate gets over 50% of first preferences in the Supplementary Vote?
All but the top two candidates are eliminated. Second preference votes for the remaining two candidates are added to determine the winner.
176
In which elections is the Supplementary Vote used?
Used in Mayor of London and Police and Crime Commissioner elections.
177
What is an advantage of the Supplementary Vote?
Ensures broad support. It is simple to understand. Reduces tactical voting. Keeps extremist parties out.
178
What is a disadvantage of the Supplementary Vote?
It is not fully proportional. Wasted votes remain. It can promote tactical voting. Only the top two candidates benefit.
179
What is the Single Transferable Vote?
A proportional representation system used in multi-member constituencies. Voters rank candidates in order of preference (1, 2, 3, etc.).
180
What is the Droop quota?
A quota calculated based on the number of seats and votes cast. Candidates who reach the quota are elected.
181
Where is the Single Transferable Vote system used?
In the Northern Ireland Assembly, Scottish local elections, and Republic of Ireland elections.
182
What is an advantage of the Single Transferable Vote system?
It is highly proportional. Voter choice is maximised.
183
What is an disadvantage of the Single Transferable Vote system?
It has a weak constituency link. It is a complex system.
184
What is donkey voting?
Some voters may rank candidates in order they appear on the ballot without strong preferences.
