Paper 1 Flashcards
(50 cards)
What is drinking alcohol a risk factor for?
Liver and brain disease (can decrease brain volume by damaging nerve cells).
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water
What are plasmids, and what are their role?
Plasmids are small, circular loops of DNA that are separate to the main DNA.
They contain ‘extra genes’ that are sometimes useful to the bacteria, such a antibiotic resistance.
What are the similarities and differences between vitamins and minerals?
Similarities: vitamins and minerals are both essential for healthy growth & required in small quantities.
Differences: Vitamins are organic compounds, so are produced by living organisms and made from carbon atoms. Mineral ions are very simple charged particles are are not made by living organisms.
What do we call the flow of water molecules that pass through the Xylem?
The transpiration stream.
What is chlorophyll?
A green pigment within chloroplasts that absorb sunlight for photosynthesis and makes the plant green.
How do plants get the carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis?
It diffuses from the air into their leaves, via stomata.
What is mental health?
Mental health encompasses, psychological, and social well-being.
What are the symptoms of TMV?
It gives a distinct ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to a lack of photosynthesis.
What is medication?
A medication is a drug that is used to prevent, treat, or relieve the symptoms of disease.
In the context of pathogens and disease, what is a ‘vector’?
A vector is a living organism that transmits a pathogen from an infected organism to another organism.
Are all bacteria pathogens?
No, only a small proportion of them cause disease. Most don’t have anything to do with humans, and some are even essential to human health.
What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
- Eukaryotic cell are much larger than prokaryotic cells.
- Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, which prokaryotic cells do not.
- Eukaryotic cells keep their DNA in the form of chromosomes within a nucleus, whilst prokaryotic cells have their DNA loose in the cell.
Name 4 exchanges surfaces?
- Alveoli
- Villi
- Root hair cells
- Leaves
Why do larger organisms require specialised exchange surfaces?
Their small surface area to volume ratio means they cannot exchange all the substances they need across their body’s surface.
Exchange surfaces provide a large extra surface area adapted specifically for exchanging substances
What is a tumour?
A tumour is an abnormal mass of cells that forms when a group of cells undergo controlled growth and division.
Which sub-cellular structure (organelle) provides the energy required for active transport?
Mitochondria provide the energy required for active transport.
With reference to photosynthesis, what is a limiting factor?
A limiting factor is anything that constrains (limits) the rate of reaction.
Where in the body are the lipids in our diet broken down?
Small intestines.
Which body cells does HIV attack?
Immune cells - specifically, a type of white blood cell.
Why do larger organisms require mass transport systems?
Diffusion alone is not sufficient to quickly transport substances long distances because they’re specialised exchange surfaces, and their body’s cells, are usually far apart.
What is gas exchange?
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the bloodstream and the atmosphere.
Oxygen passes from the atmosphere to the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide passes from the bloodstream to the atmosphere.
What is obesity a risk factor for?
Type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (heart attacks).
How do you calculate the volume of a cube?
Length x Width x Height.
