Paper 1 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Name all elements of a plant cell:
A
- mitochondria
- ribosomes
- nucleus
- cell wall
- cell membrane
- chloroplast
- vacuole
2
Q
mitochondria? (p)
A
where respiration takes place
3
Q
ribosomes? (p)
A
They are responsible for protein production
4
Q
nucleus? (p)
A
stores DNA
5
Q
cell wall? (p)
A
provides shape and structure
6
Q
cell membrane? (p)
A
controls what goes in and out of the cell
7
Q
chloroplast? (p)
A
contains green chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis
8
Q
vacuole? (p)
A
Holds sugars and sap
9
Q
What is found in a plant cell that isn’t found in an animal cell?
A
- vacuole
- chloroplast
- cell wall
10
Q
Name all elements of an animal cell:
A
- cell membrane
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- ribosomes
- mitochondria
11
Q
Mitochondria? (a)
A
respiration and energy provision
12
Q
nucleus? (a)
A
Holds DNA
13
Q
cell membrane? (a)
A
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
14
Q
cytoplasm? (a)
A
Where reactions take place
15
Q
Ribosomes? (a)
A
Protein production
16
Q
Name all elements of a Bacterial Cell:
A
- Cell wall
- Cell membrane
- (central DNA instead of nucleus)
- Ribosomes
- Flagella
17
Q
Cell wall? (b)
A
Holds shape of cell
18
Q
cell membrane? (b)
A
In/out of cell
19
Q
ribosomes? (b)
A
protein production
20
Q
flagella? (b)
A
Controls movement
21
Q
Name 2 different specialist cells:
A
- Sperm cells
- Root hair cells
22
Q
What is specialisation?
A
Turning a general cell into a specialised cell
23
Q
What is the calculation for magnification?
A
measured size/actual size
24
Q
Where are chromosomes found?
A
They are found in the nucleus of a plant and animal cell
25
What do Chromosomes provide?
information/instructions for a cell and what it needs to do
26
mitosis
The division of a cell into 2 identical cells
27
What is a stem cell?
A cell that has the option to divide into anything
28
Diffusion
movement from a high concentration to a low concentration
29
Osmosis
net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane to an area of lower concentration
30
Active transport
Movement against the concentration gradient.
high --> low concentration
- Needs more energy
31
What is an organ system?
A group of organs that work together to perform one function.
32
Name the features of the digestive system:
- Mouth
- Salivary Glands
- Liver
- Stomach
- Gall Bladder
- small intestine
- large intestine
33
What happens to enzymes at low temperatures?
They don't have enough energy so slow and stop working
34
What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?
The bonds break and enzymes become denatured
35
What happens to enzymes that are outside their usual PH?
They become denatured
36
What is the lock and key mechanism?
only a specific substrate can fit into an enzyme
37
Where is amylase produced?
In salivary glands
38
What does amylase do?
Converts starch into sugars
39
Where is lipase produced?
In the pancreas and in the small intestine
40
What does lipase do?
converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
41
Where is protease produced?
stomach, small intestine and pancreas
42
What does Protease do?
Converts proteins into amino acids
43
Where is Bile produced?
Liver + (stored in gall bladder)
44
What does Bile do?
Neutralises acids in the stomach and emulsifies fats
45
Name features of the respiratory system:
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
- Heart
- Diaphram
- Rib cage (protection)
46
What is the function of the heart?
It pumps blood around the body
47
What do the lungs do?
Allow gaseous exchange
48
Name parts of the heart:
- Vena cava
- Right Atrium
- Valve
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonary artery (out to lungs)
- Pulmonary vein (into the heart from the lung)
- left atrium
- left ventricle
- Aorta (out to the body)
49
Order of blood flow deoxygenated to oxygenated:
- vena cave (d)
- Right atria
- Right ventricle
- pulmonary artery (out)
- pulmonary vein (in)
- Left atria (o)
- left ventrical
- Aorta (out)
50
What is the only artery to carry deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery
51
Which is the most muscular side of the heart?
| Why?
Left; because it has to pump blood around the whole body
52
What does the aorta do?
This pumps blood around the body
53
What does the vena cava do?
How blood gets from the body to the heart
54
What does the pulmonary artery do?
Takes deoxygenated from the heart to the lungs
55
What does the pulmonary vein do?
Takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
56
What is natural resting heart rate?
This is normally between 60-100 beats per minute
57
Why might you need an artificial pacemaker fitted?
If you have heart issues
58
What do red blood cells do?
They carry oxygen around the body
59
What do white blood cells do?
They are part of the immune system
60
What do platelets do?
They are involved in clotting
61
What does plasma do?
This is the straw coloured substance that everything moves around in
62
What is a cardiovascular disease?
This is a disease that affects the heart and/or blood vessels. Usually the build up of fatty deposits.
63
What lifestyle factors can effect health?
smoking, diet, exercise, alcohol consumption
64
What is cancer?
uncontrollable growth of unwanted cells
65
What is a benign tumour?
A lump of cells that is not moving
66
What is a malignant tumour?
When a lump of cells becomes mobile and moves to other parts of the body
67
What is epidermal tissue?
This covers a plant
68
What is palisade mesophyll?
These are the long tall cells that capture sunlight and where photosynthesis takes place
69
What is spongy mesophyll?
does photosynthesis
70
What is the xylem?
carries water around a plant
71
What is the phloem?
carries ions and nutrients around a plant
72
What is transpiration?
This is the loss of water - evaporates out of the leaf
73
How can we measure transpiration?
By looking at weight
74
Name three examples of eukaryotic cells:
Animal, fungal and plant
75
Name a prokaryotic cell:
Bacterium
76
Name three unique characteristics of a prokaryotic cell:
- much smaller in size
- Genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus
- Doesn't contain mitochondria or chloroplasts
77
Define Pathogen
Anything that causes disease
78
What is bacteria?
A small organism that replicates quickly
79
What are protists?
They are not animals, plants, or fungi but are very small organisms
80
What are fungi?
The large filamentous organism that includes mushrooms
81
How can diseases be spread in plants?
By the help of small animals or insects that move from plant to plant.
82
How can diseases be spread in animals?
The waste, skin contact, transferring of other bodily fluids e.g. saliva
83
How do bacteria reproduce in the body?
Bacteria reproduce quickly by dividing themselves - every 20 minutes
84
How do viruses reproduce in the body?
They invade a cell, copy themselves and then burst out of the cell
85
How can bacteria make a person feel ill?
By producing toxins
86
How can a virus make a person feel ill?
When they burst out of the cell it causes the cell to die - high levels of cell death causes illness
87
What is measles?
A highly infectious disease and can have serious effects. Usually flu-like symptoms and later a rash
88
What is HIV?
Human immunodeficiency virus kills white blood cells
89
What is TMV?
tobacco mosaic virus - causes plants to go spotty and have a mosaic type appearance
90
What is salmonella?
Food poisoning from products such as eggs and raw meat
91
What is digitalis?
A drug that increases cardiac output
92
What is Gonorrhoea
A bacteria that will give a nasty sexually transmitted disease
93
What is Rose Blackspot?
Caused by a fungus that discolours leaves and turns them black
94
What is malaria?
Caused by a parasite called plasmodia, and is spread in the blood and can be spread by mosquitos
95
How does the skin help protect the body?
This is a physical barrier
96
How does the nose help protect the body?
It has hair that acts as a net and also contains mucus which traps things
97
How does the Trachea help protect the body?
It has tiny cilia and mucus which traps anything that gets in
98
How does Bronchi help protect the body?
traps dirt
99
How does the stomach help protect the body?
via stomach acid
100
What is the role of the immune system?
To prevent any foreign cells getting in and making you sick
101
What do white blood cells do?
- recognise pathogens
| - destroy pathogens
102
How do vaccinations work?
A small part of a virus that is injected into you so that your white blood cells learn that it is dangerous and can later reproduce antibodies
103
What are antibiotics?
These kill bacteria
104
What is antibiotic resistance?
This is where bacteria develop a resistance to antibiotics and so they no longer work
105
What are painkillers for?
Used to stop pain
106
Where does digitalis come from?
Comes from foxgloves
107
What is aspirin?
Kills pain and can treat inflammation
108
Where does aspirin come from?
From willow bark
109
What is penicillin?
A group of antibiotics
110
Where does penicillin come from?
Mould
111
Name three things that new drugs need to be tested for?
- side effects
- Dosage
- How well it works
112
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
113
What is the chemical symbol for carbon-dioxide?
CO2
114
What is the chemical symbol for water?
H2O
115
What is the chemical symbol for glucose?
C6H1206
116
What is the chemical symbol for oxygen?
02
117
What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?
6C02 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 602
118
How is energy transferred in photosynthesis?
They take energy from CO2 and store it in glucose
119
What factors might affect photosynthesis?
How much light there is, the temperature and the concentration of CO2
120
How does temperature affect photosynthesis?
Too cold - nothing will happen
| Too hot - As proteins become denatured
121
How does light intensity affect photosynthesis?
If there is not enough nothing will happen
122
How does carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis?
If there is not enough nothing will happen
123
Is respiration exothermic or endothermic?
Exothermic
124
What is the word equation for respiration?
Glucose + oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water
125
What is the symbol equation for respiration?
C6H1206 + 602 -> 6C02 + 6H20
126
What is anaerobic respiration?
Respiration without oxygen
127
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose -> Energy + Lactic acid
128
What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells?
Fermentation
129
How are the products of anaerobic respiration useful in the food industry?
Carbon dioxide(Helps bread rise) and ethanol(Alcoholic drinks)
130
What is oxygen debt?
When there is an excess amount of lactic acid in the blood
131
Define metabolism:
The chemical reactions that happen in the body to keep you alive
132
What do sugars do?
Provide you with energy
133
What do amino acids do?
Build up proteins
134
What do fatty acids do?
makes fats with glycerol
135
What does glycerol do?
makes fats with fatty acids
136
What do carbohydrates do?
Store energy
137
What do proteins do?
Perform most functions
138
What do lipids do?
They are emitted in hormones, provide energy and help absorb food
139
What can glucose be converted to?
energy
140
What are lipids formed from?
from fatty acids and glycerol
141
What are proteins formed from?
amino acids
142
What are amino acids formed from?
bases
143
What are proteins broken down into?
amino acids
