Paper 1

Question 1

Abstract Nouns

Answer 1

refer to ideas / concepts that only exist in the mind - love, freedom, peace

Question 2

Accent

Answer 2

the distinct pronunciation patterns of a group of people

Question 3

Adjacency pair

Answer 3

a pair of utterances in a conversation that go together - question and answer, greeting and reply

Question 4

Adjective

Answer 4

a describing word that modifies a noun - the orange sky

Question 5

Adverb

Answer 5

a word that modifies a verb telling you how, where or when the action takes place - he ran quickly

Question 6

Adverbials

Answer 6

phrases / clauses which help express the place ( in the garden ), time ( in May ), or manner ( in a strange way

Question 7

Analogical overextension

Answer 7

A word for one object is extended to one in a different category; usually on the basis that it has some physical or functional connection

Question 8

Article

Answer 8

a determiner such as ‘a’ or ‘the’

Question 9

Audience

Answer 9

the people who receive the text

Question 10

Auxiliary verb

Answer 10

a verb used in forming the tenses and moods of other verbs - can, could shall, should will, would, am, is, are

Question 11

Clause

Answer 11

contains at least one subject and one verb - a sentence

Question 12

Cohesion

Answer 12

Cohesion is the flow of sentences and paragraphs from one to another

Question 13

Collocation

Answer 13

two or more words that are often found together in a group or phrase with a distinct meaning - fish and chips, back to front, mum and dad

Question 14

Comparative adjective

Answer 14

faster, bigger, slower

Question 15

Complement

Answer 15

a noun group or adjective group that completes the expression “they felt very tired”

Question 16

Complex sentence

Answer 16

at least one independent clause (simple sentence) and one or more dependent clauses

“Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the microwave”

Question 17

Compound

Answer 17

a word formed from two other words - dustbin

Question 18

compound sentence

Answer 18

has two or more independent clauses usually joined by a conjunction or semicolon

“I want to lose weight, yet I eat chocolate daily”

Question 19

compound-complex sentence

Answer 19

at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

“When I grow up, I want to be a ballerina, and my mum is proud of me”

Question 20

concrete nouns

Answer 20

refer to things we touch / experience physically - snow, table, butter

Question 21

conjunction

Answer 21

a word that joins clauses together - and, but, if, or

Question 22

connotation

Answer 22

associated meaning

Question 23

context

Answer 23

where, when and how a text is produced or received

Question 24

declarative

Answer 24

a statement - a type of sentence - the cat sat on the mat

Question 25

definite article

Answer 25

- usually used to refer to the noun as something already mentioned or that is specific to the text - marks a definite noun phrase - the dog, the writer, the city

Question 26

deixis

Answer 26

terms that place the words in context - tomorrow, there, they, today

Question 27

denotation

Answer 27

literal meaning

Question 28

determiner

Answer 28

words determining the status of the noun An Old Corgy Dog Pants Quickly ``` A - articles (a, an, the) O - ordinal numbers (first, second, third) C - cardinal numbers (one, two, three) D - demonstratives (this, that, those) P - possessives (my, your, hers) Q - quantifiers (most, all, some) ```

Question 29

discourse

Answer 29

the structure of the text

Question 30

discourse marker

Answer 30

words and phrases that manage the direction and flow of the discourse but, anyways, never the less, however

Question 31

discourse structure

Answer 31

the way a text is structured

Question 32

etymology

Answer 32

the history of a word

Question 33

field

Answer 33

a specific subject/area that the language has come from - medical field

Question 34

formality

Answer 34

how formal the text is spoken mode = informal usually written mode = formal usually

Question 35

genre

Answer 35

the kind of text - advert, speech , song

Question 36

gestural

Answer 36

communicating without speech/words e.g. body language

Question 37

grammar

Answer 37

the way we arrange words to make proper sentences

Question 38

grapheme

Answer 38

The individual letters or groups of letters that represent the phoneme

Question 39

high-frequency lexis

Answer 39

words that appear often in everyday speech

Question 40

hyperlink

Answer 40

an electronic link embedded in a text that takes the reader to another website

Question 41

hypernyms

Answer 41

categories - pets, vehicles, sweets

Question 42

hyponyms

Answer 42

examples within categories - dog, truck, lollipop

Question 43

idiom

Answer 43

a form of common non-literal expression - i was dead on my feet

Question 44

idiolect

Answer 44

your own individual way of speaking

Question 45

imperative

Answer 45

a command - give the hat to me

Question 46

indefinite article

Answer 46

referring to non-specific nouns - i need a pen

Question 47

inflection

Answer 47

an ending such as -ed, -s or | -ing added to a word that changes a tense or number or to makes it plural

Question 48

infographic

Answer 48

graphic visual representations of information

Question 49

interrogative

Answer 49

a question

Question 50

intertextuality

Answer 50

when a text alludes to / references another text

Question 51

intonation

Answer 51

the pitch of your voice

Question 52

juxtaposition

Answer 52

placing two words / thing next to each other to create a contrast

Question 53

lexical/semantic field

Answer 53

vocabulary that is related by topic in a text

Question 54

lexicon

Answer 54

the dictionary or the vocabulary of a language

Question 55

linear

Answer 55

when the text is organised in a sequence - beginning, middle and end

Question 56

low-frequency lexis

Answer 56

not commonly used lexis in day to day

Question 57

main clause

Answer 57

a clause that can stand on its own grammatically

Question 58

main verb

Answer 58

the verb that carries the main meaning of the sentence - she fed the cat

Question 59

minor sentence

Answer 59

an incomplete sentence that still makes sense - not right now, like father like son, what the hell

Question 60

hybrid mode

Answer 60

when a text features elements of both written and spoken mode

Question 61

modal auxiliary verb

Answer 61

a sub-category of auxiliary verb that expresses degrees of possibility or probability 3 forms, modal verbs of: Possibility: can, could Probability: should, ought Obligation/necessity: must

Question 62

mode

Answer 62

texts can be in spoken mode, written mode or hybrid mode

Question 63

modifier

Answer 63

any word that describes a noun - can be an adjective, adverb or noun

Question 64

morphological derivation

Answer 64

forming a new word from an existing word - predict + able = predictable, nice + ly = nicely

Question 65

multimodal

Answer 65

a text that uses more than one mode - hybrid

Question 66

non-linear

Answer 66

when the text follows no kind of sequence

Question 67

noun phrase

Answer 67

a group of words with a noun at the centre of it - Jack's birthday , Derek's book

Question 68

noun

Answer 68

words which name people, places, things and ideas

Question 69

object

Answer 69

the thing/person that the action is done to

Question 70

over-generalization

Answer 70

the process of a virtuous error

Question 71

pace

Answer 71

the speed at which you talk

Question 72

passive voice

Answer 72

the subject undergoes the action of the verb - 'they were killed' not 'he killed them'

Question 73

phonetics

Answer 73

the study of sounds

Question 74

phonology

Answer 74

the classification of the sounds

Question 75

possessive determiner

Answer 75

my, your, their, his, hers

Question 76

post-modified

Answer 76

the modification that comes after the head in the noun group 'the rules of the game', the prepositional phrase 'of the game' is a postmodifier

Question 77

pragmatics

Answer 77

studies how context contributes to meaning

Question 78

pre-modified

Answer 78

modification that comes before the head vegetarian burger - head burger is modiefied

Question 79

preposition

Answer 79

words used before a noun to express the situation (time, place) below, above, across, at, by, before

Question 80

proper nouns

Answer 80

words for specific people / places

Question 81

prosodics

Answer 81

the rhythm and intonation of language

Question 82

pun

Answer 82

play on words often using the multiple meanings of words for effect

Question 83

purpose

Answer 83

describes why the text was produced - to entertain, to inform, to pursuade

Question 84

register

Answer 84

the type of language used in a discourse - formal register, medial register, academic register

Question 85

regular verbs

Answer 85

past tense versions are formed by adding an -ed to the end walk, climb, jump

Question 86

semantic field

Answer 86

a pattern of words with similar meanings found across a text - bolt, trap, cage = semantic field of control

Question 87

semantic shift

Answer 87

the change in a meaning of a word

Question 88

semantics

Answer 88

meaning of words

Question 89

stress

Answer 89

where emphasis is placed of a word

Question 90

subject

Answer 90

- controls the content of the discourse | - refers to the person or the thing that is doing or being something

Question 91

subordinate clause

Answer 91

depends on the main clause to exist (dependent clause)

Question 92

superlative adjective

Answer 92

expresses the highest level of the quality - the fastest car

Question 93

synonym

Answer 93

a word that has a similar meaning to another word - big, massive, enormous

Question 94

syntax

Answer 94

the study of sentence patterns of a language

Question 95

tag question

Answer 95

an interrogative clause added to the end of a declarative to make it a question - we are meeting for lunch tomorrow, aren't we?

Question 96

active voice

Answer 96

when the subject is the actor - 'he killed them' not 'they were killed'