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GCSE PE > Paper 1 - Applied Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What are the six functions of the skeleton?

A

Protects vital organs such as brain, heart and lungs
Produces red blood cells in bone marrow
Allows for movement via joints
Provides support to hold the body and organs in the right place
Bones store minerals such as calcium
Gives structure for height and build

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2
Q

What are the two bones in the lower arm?

A

Radius
Ulna

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3
Q

What are the four types of bones and their functions?

A

Flat bones - for protection of organs
Irregular bones - more specific shapes
Short bones - designed for finer movements
Long bones - designed for greater movement

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4
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

A contraction without movement

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5
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

A contraction with movement

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6
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contraction?

A

Concentric
Eccentric

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7
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

When the muscle shortens to contract

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8
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

When the muscle lengthens to contract

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9
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the bicep?

A

Tricep

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10
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the tricep?

A

Bicep

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11
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the hamstring?

A

Quadriceps

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12
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the quadriceps?

A

Hamstring

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13
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the gluteus maximus?

A

Hip flexor

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14
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the hip flexor?

A

Gluteus maximus

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15
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the gastrocnemius?

A

Tibiailis anterior

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16
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the tibialis anterior?

A

Gastrocnemius

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17
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the pectoralis major?

A

Latissimus dorsi

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18
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pairs with the latissimus dorsi?

A

Pectoralis major
Deltoids

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19
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the deltoids?

A

Latissimus dorsi

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20
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the gluteus medius?

A

Adductor longus

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21
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair with the adductor longus?

A

Gluteus medius

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22
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in knee flexion?

A

Antagonistic muscle pair - hamstring, quadriceps
Agonist - hamstring
Contraction type - isotonic concentric
Articulating bones - femur, tibia, patella

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23
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in knee extension?

A

Antagonistic muscle pair - hamstring, quadriceps
Agonist - quadriceps
Contraction type - isotonic eccentric
Articulating bones - femur, tibia, patella

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24
Q

What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in elbow flexion?

A

Antagonistic muscle pair - bicep, tricep
Agonist - bicep
Contraction type - isotonic concentric
Articulating bones - humerus, radius, ulna

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25
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in elbow extension?
Antagonistic muscle pair - bicep, tricep Agonist - tricep Contraction type - isotonic eccentric Articulating bones - humerus, radius, ulna
26
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in ankle plantar flexion?
Antagonistic muscle pair - gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior Agonist - gastrocnemius Contraction type - isotonic eccentric Articulating bones - tibia, fibula, talus
27
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in ankle dorsi flexion?
Antagonistic muscle pair - gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior Agonist - tibialis anterior Contraction type - isotonic concentric Articulating bones - tibia, fibula, talus
28
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in hip flexion?
Antagonistic muscle pair - gluteus maximus, hip flexor Agonist - hip flexor Contraction type - isotonic eccentric Articulating bones - femur, pelvis
29
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in hip extension?
Antagonistic muscle pair - gluteus maximus, hip flexor Agonist - gluteus maximus Contraction type - isotonic concentric Articulating bones - femur, pelvis
30
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in hip abduction?
Antagonistic muscle pair - gluteus medius, adductor longus Agonist - adductor longus Contraction type - isotonic concentric Articulating bones - femur, pelvis
31
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in hip adduction?
Antagonistic muscle pair - gluteus medius, adductor longus Agonist - gluteus medius Contraction type - isotonic eccentric Articulating bones - femur, pelvis
32
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in shoulder flexion?
Antagonistic muscle pair - deltoids, latissimus dorsi Agonist - deltoids Contraction type - isotonic eccentric Articulating bones - humerus, scapula
33
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in shoulder extension?
Antagonistic muscle pair - deltoids, latissimus dorsi Agonist - latissimus dorsi Contraction type - isotonic concentric Articulating bones - humerus, scapula
34
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in shoulder abduction?
Antagonistic muscle pair - pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi Agonist - latissimus dorsi Contraction type - isotonic eccentric Articulating bones - humerus, scapula, clavicle
35
What is the antagonistic muscle pair, agonist, contraction type and articulating bones in shoulder adduction?
Antagonistic muscle pair - pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi Agonist - pectoralis major Contraction type - isotonic concentric Articulating bones - humerus, scapula, clavicle
36
How do alveoli adapt for more efficient gas exchange?
Large surface area - millions of alveoli in each lung Thin and moist - walls are one cell thick for faster exchange Short diffusion pathway - alveoli and blood capillaries touch each other Rich blood supply - large network of capillaries surrounding each alveolus
37
What is a synovial joint?
The most common type of joint in the body Fluid-filled space between smooth cartilage pads at the ends of bones forming the joint Tough joint capsule surrounding it lined with synovial membrane
38
What is the function of ligaments?
Connect bones Strengthens joints and prevents unnecessary movements and possible dislocations
39
What are the functions of tendons?
Connect muscle to bone
40
What is the function of cartilage?
Acts as a shock absorber to protect bones and joints Reduces friction between bones by preventing them rubbing together
41
What movements do hinge joints allow?
Flexion Extension Dorsiflexion (ankle) Plantar flexion (ankle)
42
What movements do ball and socket joints allow?
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction
43
What is inspiration?
Inhalation of air occurring when we are breathing in
44
What is expiration?
Exhalation of air when we are breathing out
45
What happens during inspiration?
• Intercostal muscles contract and pull the rib cage up and out • Diaphragm contracts causing it to flatten • The chest cavity increases volume causing pressure in the lungs to fall • Air moves into the lungs from the higher outside pressure
46
What happens during expiration?
• Intercostal muscles relax and push the rib cage downwards and inwards to a normal position • Diaphragm relaxes causing it to push up • The chest cavity decrease in volume causing pressure in the lungs to increase • Air moves out of the lungs
47
What is vasoconstriction?
Reducing the diameter of small arteries to reduce blood flow to tissues
48
What is vasodilation?
Increasing the diameter of small arteries to increase blood flow to tissues
49
What is the cardiac cycle?
The cycle of events that occurs when the heart beats
50
What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?
Diastole Systole
51
What happens in diastole?
The heart ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with blood
52
What happens in systole?
The ventricles contract and pump blood to the arteries
53
What makes a cardiac cycle complete?
The heart fills with blood and that blood is pumped out
54
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood that the heart is able to pump out, measured in litres per minute
55
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction
56
What is the formula for cardiac output?
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
57
What is diastole?
Period of relaxation of the heart muscle, accompanied by the filling of the chambers with blood.
58
What is systole?
Period of contraction of the ventricles of the heart that occurs between the first and second heart sounds of the cardiac cycle
59
What is the order of blood flow in the heart?
Superior and inferior vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Lungs Pulmonary vein Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta The rest of the body
60
Where does blood go during diastole?
Superior and inferior vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Lungs
61
Where does blood go during systole?
Pulmonary vein Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta The rest of the body

GCSE PE (2 decks)

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