Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CIE Sociology > Paper 1: Identity > Flashcards

Paper 1: Identity Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does Anthony Giddens argue about the relationship between culture and society?

A

The concept of ‘culture’ cannot exist without the concept of ‘society’ because they are interdependent ideas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How did James Truslow Adams define the American Dream?

A

‘Life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement regardless of social class or circumstances of birth.’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cultural values shape Japanese society according to Krockow et al. (2018)?

A

Prioritise the group over the individual, influenced by Shintoism and Buddhism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does C.S. Lewis suggest about the view of human individuals in Christianity?

A

Human individuals are seen as organs in a body, each contributing uniquely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is folk culture according to Dominic Strinati?

A

Folk culture is self-created and reflects the everyday lives of ordinary people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define high culture.

A

Cultural products and practices that are superior and favoured by the rich and powerful.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is low culture often referred to as?

A

Popular culture, which is mass-produced and seen as shallow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What set of values dominate cultural life in South-eastern Asia according to Plantilla?

A
  • Respecting hierarchy
  • Submitting to strong leadership
  • Placing societal needs above individual needs
  • Fulfilling duties to extended kin
  • Avoiding family shame
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do Western societies generally view privacy?

A

Privacy is valued, leading to norms that preserve personal boundaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does Daniel Miller argue about Trinidad and Tobago’s cultural norms?

A

Prying into the lives of family, friends, and neighbours is culturally accepted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does Doughty observe about American funerals?

A

They are private gatherings marked by sadness and dignity, often quasi-religious.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

According to Weber, why do most people conform in society?

A

Because it is the right thing to do.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Lombroso’s Atavistic form?

A

An early biological explanation that proposed criminals are genetic throwbacks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What did Marx believe about crime and capitalism?

A

Crime is a product of ‘criminogenic’ capitalism, which causes criminal behaviour due to oppression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Becker’s interactionist view on crime?

A

Crime is caused by the interaction between powerless groups and agents of social control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did Durkheim suggest about crime in a well-functioning society?

A

Crime will not be a problem if society is functioning well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is primary socialisation, and what case study illustrates its importance?

A

Primary socialisation is the initial phase of learning social norms, illustrated by the case of Genie.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Hidden Curriculum according to Marxists?

A

The acceptance of authority in schools prepares children for authority in the workplace.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does James Cote (2000) say about peer groups in young adulthood?

A

They become more important than relationships with parents as sources of knowledge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What role does work play in society according to James Suzman?

A

Work is the social glue that holds societies together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does Daniele Hervieu-Leger claim about religious socialisation in Western societies?

A

There has been a decline in religious socialisation, leading to cultural amnesia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did Neil Postman (1985) claim about the media’s role in socialisation?

A

The media replaced the family as the main source of socialisation in the 20th century.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What dominant message does Naomi Wolf argue the media sends to women?

A

Their bodies are a project in constant need of improvement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the nature/nurture debate?

A

The discussion on whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) shapes behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does Desmond Morris argue about biology and culture?
Biology shapes culture by creating the need to continue the social group.
26
What did Simon Baron-Cohen (2012) argue about brain wiring?
The female brain is hard-wired for empathy, while the male brain is for understanding systems.
27
What case study illustrates the impact of gender socialisation?
David Reimer, who rejected his socialised gender identity and reverted to his biological sex.
28
What does Cordelia Fine (2011) argue about neuroscience and gender?
Neuroscience is used to justify gender inequality, contradicting hard-wired skill differences.
29
What do structuralist theories like Marxism argue about society?
Society and social forces determine and shape behaviour.
30
What does social action theory argue about society?
Society is the sum of interactions among individuals.
31
What is the concept of social control?
The mechanisms that regulate individual behaviour and ensure conformity.
32
What is control by consent according to Marxists?
Members of society follow laws because they believe they protect them.
33
What does social exchange theory involve?
People rationally weigh interactions for potential costs and rewards.
34
What did Linda Molm (1997) find about coercion in social exchange?
Coercion is used less often by those in power due to potential backlash.
35
What do Anderson and Willer (1981) claim about exclusion in social exchange?
Exclusion can be more effective than coercion.
36
What is consensual policing?
The power of police to maintain social order based on public approval.
37
What is mechanical solidarity according to Durkheim?
A sense of togetherness arising from shared experiences and values.
38
Define organic solidarity.
A system with loose community ties, encouraging individualism and diverse ideas.
39
What does Durkheim's view on industrialisation suggest?
It has a negative impact on human societies, leading to moral uncertainty or anomie.
40
What is George Mead's concept of the self?
The self consists of the 'I' (private self) and 'me' (public persona).
41
What is the 'looking glass self' according to Charles Cooley?
A person's self grows from social interactions and how others perceive them.
42
What did Erving Goffman propose about social actors?
People act out or perform identity in various social contexts.
43
What work ethic do members of the middle class typically subscribe to?
An individualistic work ethic.
44
What approach did Erving Goffman take to social action?
Dramaturgical approach
45
How does Goffman describe members of society?
Social actors
46
What do members of the middle class typically prioritize in their work ethic?
Individualistic work ethic
47
What is one of the key responsibilities of the middle class in capitalism?
Day-to-day management of the capitalist system
48
What cultural outlook and lifestyle do middle-class members share?
* Economic security based on home ownership * Self-discipline * Thrift * Saving * Ambition * Ethical responsibility
49
What concept do middle-class members tend to believe in regarding rewards?
Deferred gratification
50
How does higher education benefit the middle class?
Provides cultural capital
51
What is the working class primarily composed of?
Manual or blue-collar workers
52
What type of identity do members of the working class share?
Collectivist identity
53
What does class consciousness refer to in the working class?
Awareness of exploitation, inequality, injustice, and class division
54
How is working-class identity often expressed?
* Solidarity with other workers * Affiliation to socialist associations and trade unions * Strong attachment to local communities
55
What is the bourgeoisie known for in society?
Monopolizing global wealth
56
What is 'conspicuous consumption'?
Spending wealth on luxury goods
57
What type of power do members of the bourgeoisie wield?
* Political power * Ideological power
58
What is social capital, according to Jane Jacobs?
Social contacts established between privileged elites
59
What does 'social closure' refer to in the bourgeoisie?
Encouraging children to marry within similar socio-economic backgrounds
60
What threat does working-class identity face, according to Pakulski and Waters?
Decline of industries associated with working-class identity
61
What does the term 'precariat' refer to?
Workers forced into casual, insecure work
62
What psychological issues are associated with the precariat?
* Anger * Hostility * Insecurity * Social anxiety
63
What does Talcott Parsons's sex role theory describe?
Traditional family structure with distinct male and female roles
64
What are instrumental roles and expressive roles in gender theory?
* Instrumental roles = male roles * Expressive roles = female roles
65
What does gendered socialization refer to, according to Oakley?
Manipulation of children's behaviors by parents
66
What is canalisation in the context of gendered socialization?
Channeling children towards approved activities
67
What does hegemonic masculinity emphasize, according to Messerschmidt?
Power and control over women
68
What crisis do many men face, according to Mairtin Mac an Ghaill?
Crisis of masculinity
69
What is subordinate masculinity?
A rejection of hegemonic masculinity
70
What is cultural relativism, as investigated by Margaret Mead?
Understanding gender roles across different cultures
71
What does hybridization refer to in ethnic identity?
Emergence of new mixed ethnic identities
72
What does the term 'Windrush generation' refer to?
Caribbean workers arriving in the UK from 1948 to 1971
73
What was the Black Power movement's goal in the 1960s and 1970s?
Emotional investment in Black identity and rights
74
How does childhood identity differ in less industrialized societies?
Children may work long hours in hazardous conditions
75
What are some markers of young adulthood, according to Gill Valentine?
* Buying one's own clothes * Moving out of parental home * Getting a job
76
What social indicators are associated with middle age?
* Children leaving home * Increased leisure money * Midlife crisis
77
What negative self-identity do the elderly experience, according to Vauclair et al.?
Marginalization and ageism
78
What negative self-identity is experienced by the elderly according to Christin-Melanie Vauclair et al. (2017)?
The elderly experience a negative self-identity compounded by ageism, which stereotypes them as vulnerable, dependent, inferior, and a burden on society. ## Footnote Ageism leads to feelings of marginalisation, isolation, and loneliness among the elderly.
79
What is infantilisation in the context of the elderly?
Infantilisation refers to the assumption that the elderly are helpless and dependent on others, rather than being treated as independent adults. ## Footnote This perspective limits the elderly's agency in making choices and decisions.
80
How does Giddens (1999) describe some Islamic cultures' view of globalisation?
Some Islamic cultures interpret globalisation as a Western attempt to undermine traditional relationships and encourage liberal social norms that weaken Islamic identity among the youth. ## Footnote This includes norms such as equal rights for women and free speech.
81
What threats do fundamentalists see in Western culture?
Fundamentalists view Western culture's materialism and pop culture as threats to their faith and identity, distracting youth from religious commitments. ## Footnote They perceive this as a form of decadence or spiritual emptiness.
82
What is meant by 'candy floss culture' according to Harvey (2005)?
'Candy floss culture' refers to the superficial nature of global television culture that is cheap, lacks substance, and leaves individuals wanting more. ## Footnote This culture may lead to civic disengagement.
83
How does Bauman (1992) describe the impact of globalisation on local identities?
Bauman claims that globalisation undermines the collectivist identity of traditional societies, promoting individual identity at the expense of societal identity. ## Footnote It also raises awareness of global risks, leading to fear and uncertainty.
84
Fill in the blank: Globalisation has increased the number of choices available to citizens, promoting the identity of the _______ at the expense of society.
[individual]
85
True or False: The elderly are often treated as independent adults capable of making their own choices.
False ## Footnote The elderly are often infantilised and assumed to be dependent.
86
What societal issues do the elderly face due to stereotypes according to Vauclair et al.?
The elderly face issues of marginalisation, isolation, and loneliness due to stereotypes. ## Footnote Ageism contributes significantly to these feelings.
87
What aspects of Western norms are seen as threatening by some Islamic cultures?
* Equal rights for women * Free speech * Promotion of democracy ## Footnote These norms are believed to weaken traditional power structures.
88
What does the term 'decadence' refer to in the context of fundamentalist views?
Decadence refers to spiritual emptiness and is seen as a threat to faith and the next generation's commitment to religious lifestyle. ## Footnote This concept is linked to materialism and distractions from religion.

CIE Sociology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions