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Geography > Paper 1-> physical > Flashcards

Paper 1-> physical Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

How does a wave cut platform form ?

A

• waves erode cliff to form wave cut notch-> overlying cliff collapses-> cliff retreats-> wave cut platform

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2
Q

How do headland & bays form ?

A

• soft rock erode more easily-> turn into bays-> bays are sheltered-> deposition occurs & sand beach forms
• hard rock erodes less-> leaves a headland

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3
Q

How are cave, stacks, arches, stumps formed ?

A

• destructive waves hit cracks which cause them to open & grow into caves-> cave break through headland & forms arch-> arch erodes & collapses bc of destructive waves-> leaves a stack-> stack eroded & collapses-> leaves a stump

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4
Q

What is coastal deposition ?

A

• material & sediment being dropped by waves

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5
Q

What is longshore drift ?

A

• movement of sediment down the beach by waves

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6
Q

What happens during long shore drift ?

A

• waves hit at an angle bc of prevailing winds-> swash picks sediment & moves it up beach-> backwash moves sediment back down beach at 90• -> process repeats & sediment moves along beach in zig zag motion

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7
Q

How are sand dunes formed ?

A

• embryo dunes form around deposited obstacles-> become vegetation-> rotting vegetation adds organic matter to sand making it fertile

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8
Q

How does a spit form ?

A

• longshore drift-> change in coastline-> material continues out to sea-> waves have less energy as area is protected by headland-> material deposited-> spit gets larger & extends into bay-> hook may be formed if prevailing winds change direction-> if there is no river, spit can extend across bay & join headland-> creating coastal bar-> if there is river, current from river prevents spit from extending-> water behind spit turns into salt marsh

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9
Q

What are advantages of gryones ?

A

• stop people walking along beach
• larger beach-> more space for activities attracts tourists-> boost economy
• acts as wind break

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10
Q

What are disadvantages of gryones ?

A

• dangerous-> deep water on 1 side & shallow on other
• unattractive
• levels of beach will arise & no longer prevent longshore drift

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11
Q

What are advantages of sea wall ?

A

• strong barrier-> protects valuable land
• often built with walkways-> pedestrians can access coastline
• if well maintained-> effective for years

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12
Q

What are disadvantages of sea wall ?

A

• expensive & high maintenance cost
• restrict people access to beach
• if waves break over sea wall-> flooding
• unattractive
• construction can cause disturbance & destroy natural habitats
• don’t impede movement of sediment down drift-> don’t prevent longshore drift

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13
Q

What are disadvantages of rock armour ?

A

• difficult access
• dangerous when climbing over
• expensive to import rock
• require constant upkeep
• unattractive-> covers most of beach, litter trapped
• imported rocks don’t blend in

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14
Q

What are advantages of gabions ?

A

• good value for money
• although unnatural-> can be attractive if vegetated & looked after-> attract people

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15
Q

What are disadvantages of gabions ?

A

• when damaged-> dangerous
• use of gabions restricted to sandy beaches
• easily destroyed-> regular maintenance needed
• unattractive

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16
Q

What are advantages of beach nourishment ?

A

• wider beech-> more space for people
• people living along sea protected from flooding
• natural & blends with environment
• protects valuable land
• attract tourists & animals

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17
Q

What are disadvantages of beach nourishment ?

A

• overtime process will have to be repeated as sand will be transported down beach

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18
Q

What are advantages of dune regeneration ?

A

• protects land uses behind them
• popular for picnics & walking on
• helps maintain habitats for rare reptiles
• costs are minimal
• boardwalks built for pedestrians

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19
Q

What are disadvantages of dune regeneration ?

A

• has to be checked 2x a year & fertilisers applied
• expensive systems put in place to prevent planted areas from trampling
• fenced off & keep out signs-> deter tourists

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20
Q

What are disadvantages of dune regeneration ?

A

• has to be checked 2x a year & fertilisers applied
• expensive systems put in place to prevent planted areas from trampling
• fenced off & keep out signs-> deter tourists

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of tropical rainforests ?

A

• close to equator-> high temperatures & high rainfall
• hot & wet
• equator receive intense sunlight & air rises causing low air pressure

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22
Q

What are the 4 layers of a rainforests ?

A

• emergent layer
• canopy area
• under canopy
• shrub layer

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23
Q

What are the adaptations of drip tip leaves ?

A

• facilitate water run off by channelling rainwater away from leaf’s centre-> prevent water logging & promotes efficient photosynthesis & nutrient absorption for soils

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24
Q

What are adaptations of buttress roots ?

Study These Flashcards
A

• provide stability to tall trees by spreading horizontally & vertically-> anchor trees-> prevent from toppling & enhance nutrient absorption from soil

25
What are adaptations of lianas ?
• woody vines that ding onto other trees to reach sunlight-> allows to photosynthesise
26
How is logging & selective logging a cause of deforestation ?
• clear felling trees chopped down in an area-> led to destruction of forest habitats • selective logging-> fully grown trees cut down
27
How is mineral extraction a cause of deforestation ?
• rainforests cleared for mining & road constructions
28
How is settlement & population growth a cause of deforestation ?
• in past-> poor urban people enraged to move to countryside-> transmigration • rainforests felled for settlers
29
How is farming a cause of deforestation ?
• tribal people in rainforests grow food for themselves-> subsistence farming • method-> every tree in sight set on fire-> grow crops on land • Malaysia-> largest palm oil exporter-> lots of land converted to palm oil plantations
30
How is mining an opportunity in Thar desert ?
• people mine materials e.g. gypsum-> used for plaster & is sold-> boosts economy & provides jobs for local people
31
How is agriculture an opportunity in That desert ?
• people used to be subsistence farmers but now indira ghandi canal been built-• people can irrigate crops which leads to commercial farming-> boost economy as farmers sell crops
32
How is tourisms an opportunity in Thar desert ?
• local people act as guiders for desert safaris-> brings jobs & money
33
How is energy an opportunity in That desert ?
• solar panels & wind farms provide energy for indistry
34
How is extreme temperature a challenge in That desert ?
• high temperatures-> high evaporation rates-> water shortage-> affect people, animals, plants • high temperatures-> difficult for farmers to work in heat & live stocks need shade to protect themselves from sun • irrigation-> salination-> infertile soils
35
How is accessibility a challenge in Thar desert ?
• high temperatures cause tarmac to melt & strong winds blow over roads & some places only accessible to camels-> limited road access • over laden buses can increase heat • difficult to travel by car-> vehicles overheat & breakdowns are common
36
How is water supply a challenge in Thar desert ?
• low annual rainfall-> water is limited resource • high temperatures cause tarmac & strong winds-> high evaporation rates • demand for water increasing as population increases, farming & industries have developed
37
What are adaptations of fennec fox ?
• hints at night since it’s cooler • big ears-> cool blood down • small nose-> reduce water loss
38
What are adaptations of camel ?
• 2 sets of eyelashes-> protect eyes from sand • humps-> store fat for more energy • thick leathery feet pads-> protect from hot sand • thick fur-> keep warm at night
39
What are adaptations of cactus ?
• spines-> prevent water loss as they are small & don’t lose as much water in extreme weathers • thick flesh-> store water, helpful during droughts • depth of roots-> grow close to surface of soil as it allows them to get water first • thin root hairs-> absorb even smallest drops of water • long tap roots-> can reach water which is deeper in ground
40
What are advantages of planting trees to manage desertification ?
• trees stabilise/ bind roots-> prevent soil erosion • decomposing leaf litter-> help add valuable nutrients • cheap/ practicals • people can sell goods provided by trees e.g. rubber from gumtrees
41
What are disadvantages of planting trees to manage desertification ?
• takes long time to grow trees • trees need water-> absorb most of water-> drought
42
What are advantages of national parks to manage desertification ?
• encourages tourism • provide jobs • protects land
43
What are disadvantages of national parks to manage desertification ?
• cost to maintains • enforce laws • wardens needed
44
What are advantages of appropriate technology (magic stones) to manage desertification ?
• cheap, easy to do (appropriate) • keeps soil together & water builds up-> reduce soil erosion, becoming infertile • traps water & soil • successful, minimum maintenance • increase crops/ vegetation restablished
45
What are the natural causes of climate change ?
• volcanic eruptions-> emit ashes-> block sun-> lower temperature • solar activity-> sunspots-> emit heat to earth • orbital changes-> earth moves around sun in oval or circular orbit-> change how much heat reaches earth
46
What are the human causes of climate change ?
• deforestation • agriculture • fossil fuels
47
What is the evidence of global warming ?
• shrinking glaciers & melting ice • rising sea levels • seasonal changes
48
How does climate change affect people?
• Maldives-> 30 yrs left u too flooded-> loss of tourist income/ livelihood • less water for crops-> food surfaces
49
How does climate change affect the environment ?
• ice sheets melt-> sea levels rise-> habitat loss • forest fires-> killed
50
How does mitigation manage climate change ?
• international agreements-> countries work together to reduce C02 emissions e.g. Paris agreement • carbon capture-> c02 stored underground • planting trees
51
How does adaptation manage climate change ?
• change in farming-> plant new crops that survive in warmer climates • reducing risks from rising sea levels-> flood warning systems & Bangladesh houses stilts
52
How does a waterfall forms ?
soft rock erodes-> undercutting-> hard rock overhangs & collapses-> plunge pool-> continuous erosion causes hard rock to become unsupported -> retreat of water fall
53
How do interlocking spurs form ?
upper course-> channel meanders-> erosion of outside bend-> in upland areas forms interlocking spurs
54
How do meanders form ?
Water flows fastest on outside-> erosion-> deep river cliff-> water flows slowest on inside-> deposition-> slip off slope-> meander
55
How do ox bow lake forms ?
Meander continues-> deposition on inside-> erosion on outside-> erosion at neck of meander-> neck gets narrower-> river breaks through meander neck when floods-> deposition at entrance & exits of meander stop flow-> ox bow lake
56
How are levees & flood plains formed ?
River floods-> deposition occurs-> build layers on flood plains& in floods even more-> smaller material carried further away-> large deposited next to channel-> forms levees-> increase height in each flood-> layers of sediment build up creating flat fertile flood plain
57
How are estuaries formed ?
River meets sea-> sediment moved by suspension-> river slows down as it meets sea-> deposition of small sediments-> more deposition occurs-> mudflats & salt marshes build-> small particles pile up-> increase height of mudflats & salt marshes
58
What is the hard engineering of rivers ?
• dams & reservoirs • sluice gates & flood relief channels • channel straightening • embankments
59
What is soft engineering of rivers ?
• floodplain zoning • river restoration • planting trees • preparation & planning

Geography (7 decks)

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