Paper 1 (Physical Geography)

Question 1

How many volcanoes are on Iceland?

Answer 1

130

Question 2

How often does a volcanic eruption take place on Iceland?

Answer 2

Every 5 years

Question 3

Which 2 tectonic plates make up Iceland?

Answer 3

The North American plate
The Eurasian plate

Question 4

What is the name of the plate boundary that Iceland sits on?

Answer 4

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Question 5

What type of plate boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

Answer 5

Constructive plate margin

Question 6

How quickly is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge moving away from each other?

Answer 6

2.5cm/year

The same rate as fingernails

Question 7

What is Iceland’s energy mix?

Answer 7

Completely green/renewable
- Geothermal energy (from heated rocks due to volcanoes)
- Hydroelectric energy (from many waterfalls)

Question 8

What fuels all hot water in Iceland?

Answer 8

Geothermal energy

Question 9

How expensive is Iceland’s energy compared to the UK

Answer 9

Around 1/3 of the cost of UK energy

Question 10

Why do people want to live in Iceland?

Answer 10

• Cheap cost of living
• Environmentally-friendly energy
• Tourism (country is rich)
• Beautiful views

Question 11

What fuels tourism in Iceland?

Answer 11

• Waterfalls
• Hot springs
• Geysers
• Lava fields
• Volcanoes

Question 12

How much money does the tourism industry bring in for Iceland?

Answer 12

$1.3 billion/year

Question 13

How is the risk of volcanic effects lowered in HICs (Iceland)?

Answer 13

• Earthquake-resistant buildings
• Monitoring (seismometers/thermal satellites)
• Evacuation schemes
• Risk assessments
• Drills

Question 14

Which volcano erupted in 2010 in Iceland

Answer 14

Eyjafjallajökull

Question 15

What were the impacts of the 2010 eruption in Iceland

Answer 15

Cancelled 100,000 flights across Europe due to intense ash discharge from the volcano

Question 16

Where is Montserrat?

Answer 16

In the Caribbean islands

Question 17

On what type of plate boundary does Montserrat lie?

Answer 17

Destructive plate margin

Question 18

What is the capital of Montserrat?

Answer 18

Plymouth

Question 19

What volcano erupted in Montserrat?

Answer 19

The Soufriere Hill Volcano

Question 20

When did the volcano in Montserrat become active?

Answer 20

1995

Question 21

How long had the volcano in Montserrat been dormant for before it erupted?

Answer 21

400 years

Question 22

How much of Montserrat does the exclusion zone cover?

Answer 22

2/3 of the island, including Plymouth

Question 23

What type of lava does Montserrat experience?

Answer 23

Viscous, acidic lava

Question 24

What have been the environmental effects of the volcanic eruption in Montserrat?

Answer 24

• Destruction of coral reefs
• Further endangerment of the mountain chicken frog
• Forest and habitat damage

Question 25

How many Montserratians had to evacuate their homes and how many fled to the UK?

Answer 25

90% of the population was displaced and 2/3 of the population fled to the UK

Question 25

How many people were left on Montserrat after the eruptions?

Answer 25

1,200 people

Question 26

Suggest reasons for staying in Montserrat

Answer 26

- Fertile farmland - Diverse culture - Scenery - Tourism opportunities

Question 27

How can LICs (Montserrat) monitor and plan for Volcanic eruptions?

Answer 27

- Visual signs e.g. smoke - Valleys can show where pyroclastic flows and lahars may travel

Question 28

What category was Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 28

Category 5 'super' typhoon

Question 29

Where did Typhoon Haiyan hit?

Answer 29

The Philippines

Question 30

When did Typhoon Haiyan hit?

Answer 30

November 2013

Question 31

Where did Typhoon Haiyan form?

Answer 31

Over the Pacific ocean

Question 32

How fast were the winds of Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 32

275km/hour

Question 33

How high was the storm surge on Leyte?

Answer 33

5 metres

Question 34

How many were killed during Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 34

6,300 people

Question 35

How many homes were destroyed during Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 35

40,000 homes

Question 36

What were some secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 36

- Roads blocked by landslides - Disease outbreaks due to a lack of clean water

Question 37

How many evacuation centres were set up after Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 37

1,200 centres

Question 38

What were some long-term responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 38

- Supplies from the UN - Homes were rebuilt in safer areas

Question 39

Where did Hurricane Katrina hit?

Answer 39

Louisiana

Question 40

When did Hurricane Katrina hit?

Answer 40

August 2005

Question 41

Which city did Hurricane Katrina particularly affect?

Answer 41

New Orleans

Question 42

How many died during Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 42

1,800 people

Question 43

How many homes were destroyed during Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 43

150,000 homes

Question 44

How high was the storm surge in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 44

4.5 metres

Question 45

How many left New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 45

400,000 people, it still hasn't recovered

Question 46

How many businesses went bankrupt in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 46

2,400

Question 47

How many dollars did Hurricane Katrina do in damage?

Answer 47

$125 billion

Question 48

How many inhabitants of New Orleans evacuated before Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 48

1.7 million people

Question 49

How many people were rescued by lifeguards in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 49

35,000

Question 50

What percentage of inhabitants of New Orleans couldn't afford to evacuate before Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 50

20-30%

Question 51

What were some long-term responses to Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 51

- Water were pumped into nearby lakes - $20 billion was spent in defence systems

Question 52

What 2 international agreements have been aimed at climate change?

Answer 52

- The Kyoto Protocol - The Paris Agreement

Question 53

When was the Kyoto Protocol?

Answer 53

1997

Question 54

What did the UK manage to do in relation to the Kyoto Protocol?

Answer 54

The UK reduced emissions by 22% by 2012

Question 55

When was the Paris Agreement?

Answer 55

2015

Question 56

What aims were established during the Paris Agreement?

Answer 56

Aims to limit global warming by 1.5 degrees celsius

Question 57

When was the Antarctic Treaty signed?

Answer 57

1959

Question 58

What did the Antarctic Treaty involve?

Answer 58

The banning of military activity and nuclear testing whilst promoting international scientific research, it also set aside disputes regarding territory

Question 59

How big is the Amazon Rainforest?

Answer 59

8.2 billion km squared

Question 60

How many countries does the Amazon Rainforest span?

Answer 60

9 countries

Question 61

How much of the Amazon Rainforest's deforestation is due to pasture and cattle ranching?

Answer 61

63%

Question 62

How much of the Amazon Rainforest's deforestation is due to small-scale farmers?

Answer 62

12%

Question 63

How much of the Amazon Rainforest's deforestation is due to fire?

Answer 63

9%

Question 64

How much of the Amazon Rainforest's deforestation is due to crops?

Answer 64

7%

Question 65

How much of the Amazon Rainforest's deforestation is due to logging?

Answer 65

6%

Question 66

What percentage does the Amazon Rainforest take out of carbon dioxide emissions via photosynthesis?

Answer 66

5%

Question 67

How much carbon is stored in the trees of the Amazon Rainforest?

Answer 67

100 billion tonnes

Question 68

What are some environmental impacts of deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest?

Answer 68

- More soil erosion (less interception and less soil structure) - Decreased soil fertility - Release of 100 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide

Question 69

What are some economic impacts of deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest?

Answer 69

- Fuels economic development in Brazil - Allows for building of power plants - Creates millions of jobs - Brazil is the number 1 exporter of beef - Brazil exported $28 billion worth of metals - Reduced tourism

Question 70

How much money did Brazil make from metals source from the Amazon Rainforest?

Answer 70

$28 billion

Question 71

What majorly affects the rate of deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest?

Answer 71

Political powers