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Geography > Paper 1 - Physical Landscapes In The Uk > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Physical Landscapes In The Uk Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 coastal erosional landforms.

A
  1. Headlands and bays.
  2. Cliffs and wave-cut platforms.
  3. Caves, arches, stacks and stumps.
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2
Q

Name 3 coastal depositional landforms.

A
  1. Beaches.
  2. Spits.
  3. Bars.
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3
Q

What is soft engineering?

A

The use of natural materials to control coasts, rivers etc.

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4
Q

What is hard engineering?

A

The use of man-made structures to control the coasts, rivers etc.

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5
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

The controlled flooding of low-lying coastal areas.

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6
Q

What are 2 disadvantages to managed retreat?

A
  1. Land is lost to the sea.
  2. Landowners need to be paid.
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7
Q

How are bays formed?

A

Along the cliff are different bands of rock, soft and hard.
Soft rock erodes quicker than hard rock.
Therefore creating an inward curve due to the soft rock eroding quicker than the hard rock.

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8
Q

How is a cave formed?

A

A crack in a cliff is widened by erosion into a cave.

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9
Q

How is an arch formed?

A

A cave is widened until it breaks through the headland created an arch.

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10
Q

How is a stack formed?

A

The arch in a cliff is widened by erosion until the roof is to heavy and collapses leaving a stack.

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11
Q

How is a stump created?

A

The base of a stack is attacked by erosion until it can’t hold its own weight and collapses leaving a stump.

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12
Q

Name 3 advantages to managed retreat.

A
  1. Cheap option.
  2. Creates a salt Marsh which is a natural habitat to species.
  3. Salt marshes are a habitat to a diverse ecosystem.
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13
Q

How is a wave cut platform created in 3 steps?

A
  1. The sea attacks the base of the cliff to create a wave-cut notch.
  2. The notch continues to widen by erosion causing the cliff to become unstable and collapse leaving sediment behind.
  3. Backwash from the waves carries the left over sediment away leaving a wave cut platform.
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14
Q

What sort of land is managed retreat used on?

A

Low-lying and low-value land.

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15
Q

Name 3 soft engineering stratergies to reduce flooding from a river.

A

Afforestation
Floodplain zoning
Managed flooding

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16
Q

What are the human causes of flooding?

A

Urbanisation
Deforestation

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17
Q

Explain how an oxbow lake is formed.

A

Erodes outer bank, deposition on inner bend creates a large bend in the river.
Erodes the neck of the meander, breaking through it.

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18
Q

Name the 4 erosion proccesses

A

Abrasion
Attrition
Solution
Hydraulic action

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19
Q

Explain the freeze thaw process

A

Water seeps in cracks.
Water freezes and expand, wedges apart rock.
Proccess repeats and rock breaks apart.

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20
Q

Name 4 mass movements.

A

Landslide
Rockfall
Rotational slip
Mudflow

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21
Q

Explain how a waterfall is formed.

A

Hard rock ontop of soft rock, river flows over hard rock into plunge pool. Erodes soft rock underneath creating overhang.
Overhang collapses, proccess retreats leaving a gorge.

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22
Q

Name 3 hard engineering stratergies to reduce flooding from a river.

A

Chanel straightening.
Levees.
Deepening and widening of river.

23
Q

Name the 4 transportation methods.

A

Solution.
Suspension.
Traction.
Saltation.

24
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Erosion of the river bank by material being carried.

25
Q

What is traction?

A

Large rocks rolled along the riverbed.

26
Q

What is saltation?

A

Rocks bouncing along the river bed.

27
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

Water causes air to be trapped in cracks, pressure cause crack to expand, causes rock to break apart.

28
Q

What is suspension?

A

Small sediment is carried by the river.

29
Q

What is solution?

A

Chemicals dissolve the rock.
Dissolved rock carried in river.

30
Q

What is attrition?

A

Rocks crash together, causing causing to become smaller and rounder.

31
Q

What are the physical causes of flooding from a river?

A

Steep valley sides.
Heavy rainfall.
Geology.

32
Q

What is a constructive wave?

A

Strong swash.
Weak backwash.
Deposited sediment.

33
Q

What is a destructive wave?

A

Strong backwash.
Weak swash.
Erodes.

34
Q

How is a spit formed?

A

Longshore drift carries sediment across a beach towards an estuary.
When estuary is reaches, water looses energy and dumps sediment.
This build ups out to sea leaving a spit.

35
Q

What is lag time?

A

The delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge.

36
Q

What is the rising limb?

A

An increase in river discharge.

37
Q

What is peak discharge?

A

The max discharge in a period of time.

38
Q

What is floodplain zoning?

A

Using land mist likely to flood for low cost lands such as sport fields etc.

39
Q

What is managed flooding?

A

Letting areas naturally flood.

40
Q

What caused the somerset flooding in 2014?

A

Heavy rainfall and rivers not been dredged in 20 years.

41
Q

Name 2 soft engineering stratergies to protect the coastline.

A

Beach nourishment.
Managed retreat.

42
Q

Name 4 different hard engineering stratergies to protect the coastline.

A

Groynes.
Sea walls.
Gabions.
Rock armour.

43
Q

Name two erosional river landforms.

A
  1. Waterfall and gorges
  2. Interlocking spurs
44
Q

Name 2 river landforms that uses erosion and deposition.

A
  1. Meanders
  2. Oxbow lakes
45
Q

Name 3 depositional river landforms.

A
  1. Flood plains
  2. Levees
  3. Estuaries
46
Q

Where are interlocking spurs found?

A

In the upper course of a river.

47
Q

What is lag time?

A

The difference between peak rainfall and peak discharge.

48
Q

Name 4 hard engineering methods to prevent flooding.

A
  1. Dams and reseviors
  2. Channel straitening
  3. Levees
  4. Flood relied channels
49
Q

Name 5 soft engineering stratergies to prevent flooding.

A
  1. Flood warnings
  2. Preparation
  3. Flood plain zoning
  4. Planting trees
  5. River restoration
50
Q

What are the benefits of dams and reseviors?

A
  1. Stores a large amount of water.
  2. Resevior water can be used as drinking water.
  3. Dams creates power
51
Q

What are the disadvantages to dams and reseviors?

A
  1. Very expensive to build.
  2. Displacement of people
52
Q

What are the advantages to afforestation to reduce flooding?

A
  1. Vegetation reduces soil erosion.
  2. Increases interception so reduces lag time.
  3. Soaks up water.
53
Q

What are disadvantages to afforestation?

A

Less land is available for farming.

Geography (8 decks)

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