paper 1 - question 1 - individual variation Flashcards
(12 cards)
theory
- goffman
- face is how we present ourselves
1. maintaining face - maintaining our reputation
2. loosing face - loss of internal emotional support during social situations
3. saving face - defend ourselves when we are loosing face - positive and negative face
- face threatening acts - which endanger one’s identity and is when an inidvual is inapproate to a level of compromising their reputation
use when :
- analysing when fta are used or mitigated
- roles and social status
- politeness, rudeness, apologies etc
theory
- grices maxims
- maxim of quantity - don’t say info in excess and just contribute what’s necessary
- maxim of quality - don’t say anything where you lack adequate evidence
- maxim of relevance - be relevant
- maxim of manner - avoid being ambiguous or obscure
- flout maxims which is when someone goes against them
theory
- giles accommodation theory
- accommodate our speech for the other person
- usually helps too align or distance to build or resist rapport
- mutual convergence - both speakers align their idiloect and accent to accommodate eachother
- upward convergence - one person tones down their idolect
- downward divergence - speakers keep their formalities and idolects
- mutual divergence - speakers remain hostile and refuse to accommodate
theory
- bernsteins code
elaborated code - used by higher class people, more educated and rich - more complex syntax and context ideodndent references as well as precise reasoning
restricted code - used by lower class, less fortunate people who are less educated - short sentences, context dependent references and standard grammar
- used when analysing a speakers class, education etc
- any reasons for a person being excluded due to their linguistic differences
- tensions between speakers
- classist and simple, people can adopt known as code switching for others
theory
- labovs narrative structure
- process when telling a story
1. abstract
2. orientation
3. complicating action
4. resolution
5. coda
6. evaluation
theory
- speech act theory - austin and searle
- breaks down the functions of speech into
1. locutionary act - literal utterance
2. ilocutionary act - intended function
3. prelocujtionary act - effect of listener ‘
functions of speech :
- referential
- expressive
- transactional
- interactional
- phatic
- metalinguistic
theory
- charles goodwins theory
- speakers use these techniques to build a narrative together
1. story preface - signals they wanna tell a story, invites listener
2. story solicit - response from someone else
3. preliminary
4. story action
5. story climax
6. story appreciation
frameworks
- morphology
deontic modality - shows necessity for something e,g you MUST
epistemic modality - degree of possibility e.g MIGHT
boulomaic modality - desires and wishes e.g HOPE
- infinite verbs - to eat, to sleep etc
- split infinitives - words placed between the to and verb
- transitive verbs - rely on an object to complete its meaning
- intransitive verbs do not require for an object being needed
- phrasel verbs - break down, break up etc
- progressive verbs - end with -ing
- infix - placed in between the world abso-BLOODY-lutely
- bound morpheme - attaches to root word cannot be alone such as UNhappy
- free root morpheme - world alone such as happy
- inflectional function - root word remains the same and we make it plural so catS , dogS
frameworks
- graphology
- orthgraphical features - capitalisation, grammar, full stops etc
- majuscule letters vs minuscule letters
- typographical features such as font size,colour etc
- graphetic reinforcement vs contradiction
frameworks
- pragmatics
- idioms - literal vs intended meaning
- presuppositions - what we can infer from previous info
- felicity conditions
- infelicitous conditons
- illocutionary, per-locutionary and locutionary acts
- deixis / deictic expression - when info in mentioned and is not understood without context
- different types of the deixis - person ( people involved ) , time , proximity etc
- conversational implicature is when one of the maxims is flouted
- can use the face theory here and maxima
frameworks
- lexis
hyponym - overall umbrella term for categories of words
hypernym - individual categories within that one
metonym - words used for something its closely associated with
attributive adjective - words placed before head noun
predicative adjective - placed after head noun
polysyllabic lexis
archaic lexis
euphemisms - soften something
dyphemism - more harsh
frameworks
- discourse
set 1 :
- adjacent pairs
- discourse markers
- interlocutor
- non fluency features - hedges, fillers , pauses etc
- utternance ( illocutionary.. etc )
- insertion sequence - anything that comes in between the adjacency pairs
- topic change
- skip connector
- types of interruptions, phatic talk etc
- interrupted construction - dropping a sentence for another
