Paper 1 review Flashcards

Question

Fog

Answer 1

When air near the ground is cooled to dew point leading to the condensation of water vapour Advection fog occurs when warm, moist air moves over a cooler surface, cooling the air to its dew point Radiation fog develops under clear skies and calm winds mainly at night

Answer 2

Rift valleys Earthquakes Volcanoes

Answer 3

Ocean ridges Earthquakes Volcanoes

Answer 4

Fold mountains Earthquakes

Answer 5

Ocean trenches Island arcs Earthquakes Volcanoes

Answer 6

Volcanoes Fold mountains Earthquakes

Answer 7

Earthquakes

Answer 8

Large scale features that are long and relatively narrow depressions in the ocean floor and is the point where one tectonic plate subducts beneath at destructive margins either oceanic-oceanic or oceanic-continental

Answer 9

The moving apart of ocean plates as a result of convection currents

Answer 10

Where plates pass sideways at different speeds or angles

Answer 11

The process where tectonic plates converge with one plate being forced down under another plate and is melted in the subduction zone

Answer 12

The movement of material downhill along a slide plane together with no internal deformation

Answer 13

The lifting of soil particles out of the slope followed by a drop to the surface

Answer 14

The free movement of material, often very fast from a very steep slope of cliff directly to the ground

Answer 15

The movement of often wet material on a slope with internal deformation and no noticeable failure surface

Answer 16

The movement of water on a sloping surface as a uniform layer

Answer 17

The growth of roots in joints and crevices of rock, forcing them apart as the roots develop

Answer 18

Water entering cracks and pore in rock evaporates, leaving salts which expand putting pressure on the rock

Answer 19

Where rainwater combines with the minerals within the rocks, soluble parts removed by water or decomposition of feldspar to kaolin

Answer 20

Where water enters the cracks in a rock and freezes when the temperature is below 0C and expands by 9% of its volume

Answer 21

Where soil is detached by raindrops hitting the surface

Answer 22

Minerals absorbing water, leading to expansion to create a hydrate

Answer 23

The fracturing of rocks or creation of joints, the result of the reduction of pressure upon it

Answer 24

Dissolved carbon dioxide in water reacting with carbonate minerals

Answer 25

As altitude increases the pressure on the air is reduced and it becomes less dense and cooler When air is at the bottom of mountains and hills it is under more air pushing down on it making it denser and warmer For every 100m ascent air temperature drops by 1C Air temperature falls with increasing altitude

Answer 26

At the equator the sun shines directly overhead and is therefore concentrated on a small area whereas at the poles the suns energy is scattered over a larger area so it is less concentrated Highest temperatures at low latitudes in the tropics north and south of the equator There is a decrease in temperature between the equator and the poles

Answer 27

Land heats and cools more quickly than the sea In winter, coasts are warmers since the water takes longer to cool Water takes longer to heat in summer so coastal areas are cooled by cold waters Inland is warmer in the summer since the land heats up Inland is cooler in winter due to the land cooling

Answer 28

In temperate zones cold air circulates from poles meeting with desert air. Creates rain clouds and mild temperatures Air rises at the equator since it is warm enough. Makes cumulonimbus clouds as it cools. Becomes denser so sinks creating high pressure

Answer 29

Warm ocean currents from hotter areas of the globe raise temperatures Cold currents from polar regions can cool temperatures Ocean currents flow in the same direction all year so temperatures are regularly affected

Answer 30

At equator, warm surface causes rising air At poles, cold surface causes high pressure and sinking air Due to Coriolis force, air rises near equator and deflection produces sinking at 30 degrees Rising air in the Hadley cell produces cloud, thunder and rain in the ITCZ Sinking at at 30 degrees causes high pressure and clear skies

Answer 31

Temperature affected by angle of the sun and thickness of atmosphere At equator, sun is direct because of earths angle and less atmosphere Opposite for poles where angle is greater so more atmosphere for radiation to penetrate More atmosphere means energy is scattered and less reaches the ground Low sun angle makes it more easily deflected by snow and ice so less is absorbed

Answer 32

Winds at ITCZ are light but can be broken by strong westerlies Mid latitude have faster flow than wind belts at equator Trade winds flow west in low latitudes Summer in SH causes cooling in NH so increased differences in polar and equatorial air leading to stronger high westerlies in NH Trade winds are NE in NH and SE in SH Trade winds associated with Hadley, prevailing westerlies with Ferrell and polar easterlies with Polar cells

Answer 33

Oceans store heat better than atmosphere so air can be heated from above by sun and below by ocean. Creates bigger high pressure than usual making wind stronger Warm water evaporated into atmosphere Pressure affects salinity when high pressure leads to clear skies, high insolation, more water converts to vapour and salinity increases in loft over water

Answer 34

The temperature of the ocean will warm or cool the air above it Ocean currents make cold areas warmer and warm areas cooler Warm equatorial currents will warm cool places in winter in tropical areas. Winds must be blowing air from above the currents onto land Oceans absorb much of the suns radiation warming the planet and allowing warm water to be transported

Answer 35

Winds blowing across the sea causes surface ocean currents Trade winds blow east to west in NH just above equator. Pull surface water causing currents. Coriolis force deflects right so move north. Westerlies at 30 degrees push east so closed clockwise loop In SH Coriolis force bends left so counterclockwise loop These are gyres due to circular flow Winds drive subpolar gyres away from coasts Winds move from high to low pressure. Winds in Pacific push warm surface water to warm region exposing cold deep water

Answer 36

At sea level there is the most atmospheric pressure Air warms quickly over land and rises creating low pressure areas while air over water tends to stay cooler and hot air rises creating an area of higher pressure These differences drive weather patterns depending on pressure

Answer 37

Land near the sea has less variations in temperature than inland Takes 5x as much energy to raise water by 2C than land Ocean retains heat and radiation longer than land. Especially noticeable in winter when night is longer so land loses more heat The further from the sea the more variation in temperature since not affected by ocean currents

Answer 38

General winds influenced by continents Close to surface, winds over oceans are stronger than over land Land surfaces are rougher, slowing winds Lack of land in SH is the cause of the bank of strong westerly winds Monsoons occur when there is a reversal of a wind system SE trade winds from SH cross equator in July, deflected right to SW winds in NH from Coriolis force