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A level Psychology > PAPER 1 - Social Influence > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Social Influence Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of CONFORMITY ?

A

compliance, identification, internalisation

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2
Q

What is COMPLIANCE ?

A
  • weakest form
  • changing behaviour to be accepted
  • have these views publicly not privately
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3
Q

Give an example of compliance.

A

e.g. you say you like a band to your friends but don’t listen to them at home

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4
Q

What is IDENTIFICATION ?

A
  • intermediate level
  • temporary change in belief
  • you do it both publicly and privately to be accepted
  • is strong because it involves private change
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5
Q

Give an example of identification.

A

e.g. soldiers in the army may adopted certain behaviour but lose it when they return home

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6
Q

What is INTERNALISATION ?

A
  • deepest level
  • permanent change
  • take on new attitudes / beliefs
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7
Q

Give an example of internalisation.

A

e.g. sometimes people start going to church and their attitudes and beliefs change so they become Christians

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8
Q

What are the 3 variables that affect conformity ?

A
  • size
  • unanimity
  • difficulty
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9
Q

What is the AGENTIC STATE ?

A

putting the responsibility of our actions on someone else

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10
Q

What is the AUTONOMOUS STATE ?

A

when we take responsibility for our own actions

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11
Q

What is LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY ?

A

we are more likely to obey when we believe an authority is legitimate

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12
Q

What are the two explanations for obedience ?

A

agentic state and legitimate authority

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13
Q

What are the traits of someone with an authoritarian personality ?

A
  • hostile
  • fairly rigid in beliefs
  • conventional / traditional

(Adorno F-scale)

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of INTERNAL LoC ?

A
  • independent
  • active seekers of info
  • less likely to conform / obey
  • don’t rely on external opinions
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of EXTERNAL LoC ?

A
  • less independent
  • rely on others for info
  • more likely to conform / obey
  • rely on external opinions
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16
Q

Who studied conformity ? (1)

A

ASCH (1951)

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17
Q

How did ASCH study conformity ?

A

LINE STUDY

  • 123 US males
  • 3 lines
  • match with comparison line
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18
Q

What were the results of ASCH’S study ?

A

36.8% conformed
25% never conformed
75% conformed at least once

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19
Q

What was the conclusion of ASCH’S study ?

Study These Flashcards
A

COMPLIANCE = NORMATIVE influence

20
Q

Who studied conformity to social roles ?

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A

ZIMBADO - Stanford Prison Experiment

21
Q

How did ZIMBADO study conformity to social roles ?

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A
  • converted basement into prison
  • prisoners arrested in homes
  • no physical contact
  • £15 per day
22
Q

What were the results of ZIMBADO’S study ?

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A
  • prisoners and guards took on roles quickly

- prisoners treated very poorly by guards

23
Q

What is OBEDIENCE ?

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A
  • within HIERARCHY
  • emphasis on POWER
  • pp embrace obedience to explain behaviour
24
Q

What is CONFORMITY ?

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A
  • between EQUAL STATUS
  • emphasis on ACCEPTANCE
  • pp deny conformity
25
Who investigated obedience to an authority ?
MILGRAM (1963) - Electric shock
26
How did MILGRAM study obedience to an authority ?
- teacher / learner (always teacher) - read word pairs - read first word and match second - wrong = shock
27
What were the results of MLGRAM'S study ?
300 volts - 12.5% | 450 volts - 65%
28
What are the STRENGTHS of legitimate authority ?
APPLICATIONS - Kelman and Hamilton - My Lai Massacre - power hierarchy of US Army RESEARCH EVIDENCE - Tarnow (2000) - dependence on captain - second officer didn't bring up odd behaviour
29
What are the WEAKNESSES of legitimate authority ?
OTHER EXPLANATIONS - gradual commitment - obey small requests leads to bigger ones - cannot assume legitimate authority is the only reason JUSTIFY HARMING OTHERS - no longer feel own moral values
30
What is the STRENGTH of authoritarian personality ?
SUPPORT RESEARCH - Dambrun & Vatine - correlation between pps RWA score maximum voltage shock administered to the victim - highest score = most obedient
31
What are the WEAKNESSES of authoritarian personality ?
Can't explain Nazi Behaviour Limited group, not generalisable EDUCATION MAY DETERMINE AUTHORITARIANISM AND OBEDIENCE - less educated are more obedient - lack of obedience may be responsible rather than authoritarianism
32
What are the STRENGTHS of LoC ?
RESEARCH EVIDENCE - Atgis - meta-analysis - avg. correlation between LoC and conformity = 0.37 - genuinely is a higher rate of conformity within externals RESEARCH EVIDENCE - Oliner and Oliner - compared 406 who had rescued jews with 126 who didn't - rescuers had higher internal - internal is a factor in resisting pressure to obey authority
33
What are the WEAKNESSES of LoC ?
CORRELATION METHOD - don't know cause and effect LACK OF CONTROL - Oliner and Oliner - no cause and effect
34
What are the STRENGTHS of social support ?
RESEARCH SUPPORT - Allen and Levine = similar study to Asch, dissenter allowed conformity to decrease - Gamson = did not obey when asked to give evidence - pps where in groups
35
What are the STRENGTHS of reasons to conform ?
RESEARCH EVIDENCE - Asch - normative social influence - 75% at least once - 5% every time RESEARCH EVIDENCE - Sherif - informational social influence LABORATORY EXPERIMENT - extraneous variables controlled - replicated = reliable
36
What are the WEAKNESSES of reasons to conform ?
SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY - alternate explanation - part of an 'in-group' - more likely to conform from pressure within our group LAB EXPERIMENT - lacks ecological validity - demand characteristics
37
What are the STRENGTHS of Zimbado's study ?
CLEAR ROLES - randomly given - avoids researcher bias ETHICAL ISSUES - He followed the Stanford University Ethics guidelines INTERNAL VALIDITY - 90% of conversation was about prison life
38
What are the WEAKNESSES of Zimbado's study ?
LACK OF RESEARCH SUPPORT - BBC Prison Study, the prisoners took over the prison POPULATION VALIDITY - only male students VALIDITY - guard based role on film character - not all guards conformed
39
What are the STRENGTHS of Milgram's study ?
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT - high control - cause and effect - reliable RESEARCH EVIDENCE - Bickman - uniforms - provide coin for parking metre
40
What are the WEAKNESSES of Milgram's study ?
LACK INTERNAL VALIDITY - Orne and Holland - extra manipulation = demand characteristics ETHICAL ISSUES - deception - protection from psychological harm
41
What are the STRENGTHS of the agentic state ?
APPLICATIONS - nazi criminals - defended in court - just following orders RESEARCH EVIDENCE - Milgram - pp demonstrated moral strain - disobeyed no longer had strain emotions - in autonomous state
42
What are the WEAKNESSES of the agentic state ?
OTHER EXPLANATIONS - French and Raven - 5 different types of power - Milgram's conclusion may be inaccurate DESCRIBES RATHER THAN EXPLAINS - does not say HOW agentic takes over - harder to carry out research to test theory
43
What are the WEAKNESSES of social support ?
SUPPORT MUST BE GIVEN EARLY - from the start conformity drops from 32% to 5.5% - later only drops to 8.5% PRACTICAL APPLICATION - you don't always copy the behaviour - people around you might litter but you may disagree with it
44
What are the STRENGTHS of minority influence ?
METHODOLOGY - lab experiment - high control - cause and effect - internal validity RESEARCH SUPPORT - Wood et al = meta-analysis - minority are still persuasive when compared to 'control' conditions APPLICATIONS - social change - votes for women
45
What are the WEAKNESSES of minority influence ?
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY - not normally asked if slides are green or blue - consistent minority might not always be able to influence majority OTHER THEORIES - people move to members if their 'in-group' - we feel we share a membership

A level Psychology (11 decks)

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