paper 1 stuff i don't know

Question 1

percentage yield equation

Answer 1

actual yield in mol/ theoretical yield in mol X 100

Question 2

atom economy equation

Answer 2

sum of Mr of desired products/ sum of Mr of all products X 100

Question 3

reasons for high atom economy

Answer 3

• produce a large proportion of desired products

- to make reaction more sustainable

Question 4

hydrogen is an important raw material and is produced from reaction of carbon with steam. work out its equation and atom economy

Answer 4

C + H2O -> 2H2 + CO2

(2X 2)/ ((2X2)+44) X 100= 8.3%

Question 5

dative covalent/ coordinate bond

Answer 5

covalent bond in which the shared pair of electrons has been supplied by one of the bond atoms only

Question 6

tetrahedral bond angle

Answer 6

109.5

Question 7

pyramidal bond angle

Answer 7

107

Question 8

non- linear bond angle

Answer 8

104.5

Question 9

linear bond angle

Answer 9

180

Question 10

trigonal planar bond angle

Answer 10

120

Question 11

octahedral bond angle

Answer 11

90

Question 12

square planar bond angle

Answer 12

90

Question 13

charge on ammonia ligand

Answer 13

neutral

Question 14

charge on water ligand

Answer 14

neutral

Question 15

charge on chloride ion ligand

Answer 15

-1

Question 16

charge on hydroxide ion ligand

Answer 16

-1

Question 17

what is cis also called?

Answer 17

z

Question 18

what is trans also called?

Answer 18

E

Question 19

2 identical groups are opposite to each other

Answer 19

trans

Question 20

2 identical groups are adjacent to each other

Answer 20

cis

Question 21

where does cis- trans isomerism occur in complex ions?

Answer 21

• square planar

- octahedral

Question 22

where does optical isomerism occur in complex ions

Answer 22

octahedral

Question 23

what is the colour of the solution of [CuCl4]2-

Answer 23

yellow

Question 24

Cu2+ with HCl

Answer 24

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) +4Cl-(aq) [CuCl4]2-(aq) +6H2O(l)

Question 25

what colour is I2?

Answer 25

brown

Question 26

what colour is Cu(s)?

Answer 26

brown solid

Question 27

sulfate test

Answer 27

add Ba2+ ions Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) -> BaSO4(s) white precipitate

Question 28

carbonate test

Answer 28

add HNO3(aq) effervescence as CO2 CO3^2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) -> CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Question 29

ammonium ion test

Answer 29

add NaOH red pH indicator-> blue pH indicator NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) -> NH3(g) + H2O(l)

Question 30

trend in alkalinity of group 2 hydroxides down the group

Answer 30

- solubility increases - pH increases - alkalinity increases

Question 31

trend in reactivity of group 2 elements down the group

Answer 31

- nuclear attraction decreases - atomic radius increases - shielding increases - reactivity increases as react by losing electrons

Question 32

trend in reactivity of group 7 elements down the group

Answer 32

- nuclear attraction decreases - atomic radius increases - shielding increases - reactivity decreases - as halogens react by gaining electrons

Question 33

3 halogen- halide displacement reactions

Answer 33

- Cl2(aq) + 2Br-(aq) -> 2Cl-(aq) + Br2(aq) - Cl2(aq) + 2I-(aq) -> 2Cl-(aq) + I2(aq) - Br2(aq) + 2I-(aq) -> 2Br-(aq) + I2(aq)

Question 34

trend in boiling point of the halogens

Answer 34

- more electrons - stronger London forces - more energy required to break the intermolecular forces - boiling point increases

Question 35

trend in first ionisation energy down a group

Answer 35

- atomic radius increases - shielding increases - nuclear attraction decreases - first ionisation energy decreases

Question 36

trend in first ionisation energy across a period

Answer 36

- nuclear charge increases - same shell: similar shielding - nuclear attraction increases - atomic radius decreases - first ionisation energy increases

Question 37

reaction between Cu2+(aq) ions and I-(aq)

Answer 37

2Cu2+(aq) + 4I-(aq) -> 2CuI(aq) + I2(s)

Question 38

how do you reduce Cu2+ to Cu+?

Answer 38

excess iodide ions

Question 39

how do you oxidise Cu+ to Cu2+?

Answer 39

hot dilute sulfuric acid

Question 40

how do you oxidise Cr3+ to CrO42-

Answer 40

hot alkaline hydrogen peroxide

Question 41

how to oxidise Fe2+ to Fe3+?

Answer 41

acidified manganate(VII) ions

Question 42

how do you reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+?

Answer 42

excess iodide ions

Question 43

what colour is MnO4-?

Answer 43

purple

Question 44

oxidation of Fe2+ using MnO4-(aq) equation

Answer 44

MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) -> Mn2+(aq) + 5Fe3+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

Question 45

reduction of Fe3+ using I-(aq) equation

Answer 45

2Fe3+(aq) + 2I-(aq) -> 2Fe2+(aq) + I2(aq)

Question 46

how to reduce Cr2O72- to Cr3+?

Answer 46

Zn solid

Question 47

reduction of CrO72- using Zn equation

Answer 47

Cr2O72-(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 3Zn(s) -> 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) + 3Zn3+(aq)

Question 48

how to reduce Cr3+ to Cr2+?

Answer 48

excess Zn(s)

Question 49

reduction of Cr3+ using excess Zn

Answer 49

Zn(s) + 2Cr3+(aq) -> Zn2+(aq) + 2Cr2+(aq)

Question 50

oxidation of Cr3+ using H2O2 equation

Answer 50

3H2O2(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 10OH-(aq) -> 2CrO42-(aq) + 8H2O(l)