Paper 1: The Challenge of Natural Hazards - Tectonic Hazards

Question 1

What are the four layers of the Earth?

Answer 1

Inner core, outer core, mantle and crust

Question 2

What is the outer layer of the Earth?

Answer 2

Crust

Question 3

What are the properties of the mantle?

Answer 3

Thick sticky liquid made up of molten rock

Question 4

What is the crust divided in to?

Answer 4

Tectonic plates

Question 5

What causes tectonic plates to move?

Answer 5

Convection currents in the mantle

Question 6

Which is more dense out of continental or oceanic plates?

Answer 6

Oceanic

Question 7

What are the places where the plates meet known as?

Answer 7

Plate margins/plate boundaries

Question 8

What are the three types of plate margin?

Answer 8

Constructive, destructive and conservative

Question 9

What is the margin called when plates are converging (moving towards each other?

Answer 9

Destructive

Question 10

What is the margin called when plates are diverging (moving away from each other)?

Answer 10

Constructive

Question 11

What is the margin called when the plates are sliding past each other or moving in the same direction at different speeds?

Answer 11

Conservative

Question 12

When a continental plate meets an oceanic plate at a destructive margin, which is forced underneath the other?

Answer 12

Oceanic plate is forced underneath as it is denser

Question 13

How do volcanoes occur at destructive plate boundaries?

Answer 13

Oceanic plate is forced beneath continental plate where it melts. Magma builds up. Pressure increases and can release explosively as a volcanic eruption.

Question 14

How do earthquakes occur at destructive plate boundaries?

Answer 14

As the oceanic plate is sub ducted (forced underneath) it can get stuck due to friction. Pressure builds up. When the pressure is released, shockwaves are emitted causing an earthquake.

Question 15

How do earthquakes occur at conservative plate margins?

Answer 15

As plates slide past each other, the jagged edges can get stuck due to friction. Pressure builds up. When the pressure is released it causes shockwaves leading to an earthquake.

Question 16

How do earthquakes occur at constructive plate margins?

Answer 16

Pressure builds up along cracks in the plates as they move away from each other. When the pressure is released it causes shockwaves which cause an earthquake.

Question 17

How do volcanos occur at constructive plate margins?

Answer 17

As the plates move apart, molten rock rises from the mantle to fill the gap and cools, creating new crust.

Question 18

What plate margins are volcanoes found at?

Answer 18

Destructive and constructive

Question 19

What plate margins do earthquakes occur at?

Answer 19

All three

Question 20

What is magma called when it has erupted and is above the ground?

Answer 20

Lava

Question 21

What is meant by the magnitude of an earthquake?

Answer 21

How strong it was

Question 22

What does distributed mean?

Answer 22

How they are spread out

Question 23

How are earthquakes and volcanoes distributed?

Answer 23

They occur on plate boundaries

Question 24

What is a primary effect?

Answer 24

The immediate impacts of the ground shaking

Question 25

What is a secondary effect?

Answer 25

An impact of the earthquake that happens later on as a result of a primary effect.

Question 26

What is an immediate response?

Answer 26

Dealing with the immediate aftermath of an earthquake e.g. rescuing people, providing clean drinking water etc.

Question 27

What is a long term response?

Answer 27

Rebuilding and trying to get back to normal over the following weeks, months and years after an earthquake.

Question 28

Give 4 reasons why people chose to live in tectonically active areas?

Answer 28

1. They've always lived there and don’t want to move away from friends and family; 2. They don't think it will happen to them; 3. Soil around volcanoes is very fertile so good for farming; 4. Volcanoes attract tourists so people living nearby can get work in the tourism industry.

Question 29

What are the 4 management strategies for reducing the effects of tectonic hazards?

Answer 29

Monitoring, prediction, protection and planning

Question 30

MPPP: How can earthquakes be monitored?

Answer 30

Seismometers and lasers sense tiny movements in the ground and can sometimes give a small amount of warning before an earthquake.

Question 31

MPPP: How can volcanoes be monitored?

Answer 31

Scientists can check for changes in the state of a volcano such as escaping gas, tiny earthquakes and changes in the shape of the volcano that can suggest it is likely to erupt.

Question 32

MPPP: Can earthquakes be predicted?

Answer 32

Predicting earthquakes is not reliable, but scientists can figure out which areas are more at risk.

Question 33

MPPP: Can volcanic eruptions be predicted?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

MPPP: How can predicting a volcanic eruption help?

Answer 34

It can give people time to evacuate, reducing the number of injuries and deaths.

Question 35

MPPP: How can we protect against earthquakes?

Answer 35

Earthquake-proof buildings, strengthening existing buildings and having automatic cut off switches on gas to prevent gas leaks after an earthquake.

Question 36

MPPP: How can we protect against volcanoes?

Answer 36

Strengthening buildings so they can withstand the weight of falling ash.

Question 37

MPPP: Give 3 ways in which planning can reduce damage from future earthquakes and volcanoes?

Answer 37

1. Train emergency services on how to rescue people; 2. Educate people on what to do if an earthquake or volcano occurs; 3. Encourage people to have survival kits ready.