Paper 1 - Topic 2, Bonding, Structure And Property Of Matter

Question 1

What are the three types of strong chemical bonds

Answer 1

Ionic, covalent and metallic

Question 2

What are the particles in ionic bonding

Answer 2

They are opposites charged ions

Question 3

What are the particles in covalent bonding

Answer 3

Atoms which share pairs of electrons

Question 4

What are the particles in metallic bonding

Answer 4

Share delocalised electrons

Question 5

What is a conductor

Answer 5

A material which contains charged particles which are free to move to carry electrical or thermal energy

Question 6

Describe diamond

Answer 6

• a giant covalent structure which is made up of carbon atoms which each form 4 covalent bonds to 4 other carbon atoms

Question 7

What are electrostatic forces

Answer 7

The strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 8

What are fullerenes

Answer 8

Fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes. The structures are based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms but they also contain rings with five or seven carbon atoms

Question 9

What is graphene

Answer 9

A single layer of graphite with properties that make it useful in electronics and composites

Question 10

Describe graphite

Answer 10

• a giant covalent structure made up of carbon atoms which form 3 covalent bonds with 3 other carbon atoms, forming layers of hexagonal rings with no covalent bonds between layers

Question 11

What is an ion

Answer 11

An atom or molecule with an electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons

Question 12

What is an ionic compound

Answer 12

Chemical compound formed of ions held together by strong electrostatic forces

Question 13

What are intermolecular forces

Answer 13

The forces which exists between molecules, the strength of the intermolecular forces affect the physical properties like boiling and melting points

Question 14

What is a lattice

Answer 14

A repeating regular arrangement of atoms/ions/molecules, arrangement occurs in crystal structures

Question 15

What are nano particles

Answer 15

A nanoparticle or ultrafine particle is a particle of matter 1 to 100 nanometres in diameter

Question 16

What is the partical theory

Answer 16

Theory which models the three states of matter by representing the particles as small solid spheres, theory helps explain melting, boiling, freezing and condensing

Question 17

What are polymers

Answer 17

Large long-chain molecules made up of lots of small monomers joined together by covalent bonds

Question 18

What is the repeat unit

Answer 18

The part of the polymer whose repetition would produce the complete polymer chain

Question 19

What are compounds

Answer 19

Substances in which 2 or more elements are chemically combined

Question 20

What are the limitations of the particle theory

Answer 20

• in the model there are no forces
• all the particles are represented as spheres and that the spheres are solid

Question 21

What are the properties of ionic structures

Answer 21

• have regular structures (giant ionic lattices) where there are strong electrostatic forces in all directions between oppositely charged particles
• have high melting and boiling points as lots of energy is required to break the strong bonds
• when melted or dissolved (in water), ionic compounds can conduct electricity as ions are free to move and carry current (cant conduct when solid as ions are fixed)

Question 22

What are the properties of small molecules

Answer 22

• usually gases or liquids that have low melting points and boiling points
• have weak intermolecular forces between molecules, these are broken during melting and boiling
• don’t conduct electricity as they don’t have an overall electric charge

Question 23

What state are polymers at room temp

Answer 23

Solids

Question 24

What happens to the intermolecular forces as the molecules increase in size

Answer 24

Intermolecular forces increase so larger molecules have high melting and boiling points

Question 25

What are the properties of polymers

Answer 25

- have very large molecules - atoms in polymers are linked with strong covalent bonds - intermolecular forces are relatively strong so polymer are solid at room temp

Question 26

What are the properties of giant covalent structures

Answer 26

- are solids with high melting and boiling points - all of the atoms are linked by strong covalent bonds - examples: diamond and graphite

Question 27

Properties of metals

Answer 27

- giant structures of atoms with strong metallic bonding - high melting and boiling points - layers of atoms are able to slide over each other so metals can be bent and shaped

Question 28

What are the properties of alloys

Answer 28

- made up from 2 or more different types of metals - different sized atoms distort the layers making it harder for them to slide over each other so alloys are harder than pure metals

Question 29

Why are metals good conductors

Answer 29

Good conductors of electricity: They have a delocalised electrons in the metals that carry electrical charge through the metal Good conductors of thermal energy: because energy is transferred by the delocalised electrons

Question 30

What are the properties of graphite

Answer 30

- layers can slide over each other as no covalent bonds between but weak intermolecular forces so graphite is soft and slippery - one electron from each carbon atom is delocalised so it can conduct electricity as the delocalised electron can move

Question 31

What are the properties of graphene

Answer 31

- single layer of graphite - very strong as atoms as atoms within are tightly bonded - elastic as the planes of atoms can flex relatively easily without atoms breaking apart

Question 32

What can carbon nanotubes be used for

Answer 32

- Nanotechnology, electronics and materials - lubricants, deliver drugs to the body and catalysts

Question 33

What are nano particles uses

Answer 33

- have a high SA:VOL ratio so would make good catalysts - sun cream, deodorants - nanotubes conduct electricity so can be used in small electrical circuits for computers

Question 34

What are the possible disadvantages to nano particles

Answer 34

- concerns they may be toxic to humans - they may be able to enter brain and bloodstream and cause harm