Paper 1.1 Flashcards
1
Q
Constructive Plate Margins [5]
A
- They move away
- Magma rises in the gap left, lava pours onto surface
- Shield volcanoes form in a rift valley
- Earthquakes also occur as plates tear apart
- In oceanic, new land is formed on the sea floor, called sea floor spreading. Over time, rock builds up and can create islands and a ridge, like Iceland in the Mid-Atlantic ridge
2
Q
Destructive Plate Margine [7]
A
- They move towards
- The denser plate is subducts below the less dense plate where it is destroyed
- The plate subducts and leaves a trench
- Friction between the two creates strong, deep earthquakes
- The oceanic plate is melting creating magma, which causes a pressure build up, and eventually magma pushes through weaknesses, creating composite volcanoes
- When two continental plates meet neither subducts, instead fold mountains are made
- Violent earthquakes when pressure is released
3
Q
Conservative Plate Margine [5]
A
- They move sideways
- Parallel plates have different relative speeds, creating friction
- In oceanic crust the jolts can create tsunamis due to displacement
- There are no volcanoes as no magma is generated
4
Q
Shield Volcanoes [5]
A
- Constructive boundaries
- Basic, very runny lava
- Gentle sides as lava flows a long way before solidifying
- No layers as the volcano consists of only lava
- Less violent and more frequent eruptions
5
Q
Composite Volcanoes [5]
A
- Destructive boundaries
- Acidic, sticky lava
- Steep sides as lava flows little before solidifying
- Alternate layers of ash and lava, can be called stratovolcanoes
- Violent, less frequent eruptions
6
Q
Effects of Tectonic Hazards [5]
A
- Injuries - trauma
- People killed from damaged infrastructure and hot ash and gas
- Electricity, water and communications damaged - fires and spread of disease
- Shaking of ground - tsunamis, landslides, avalanches and mud flows
- Infrastructure and homes destroyed - social conflicts and homelessness
7
Q
Tectonic Hazards immediate responses [7]
A
- Searching for people trapped under rubble
- Aid for injured people
- Providing food and water
- Financial aid from other governments
- Clearing roads to allow rescue services in
- Temporary communications and emergency power
- Shelters for the homeless
8
Q
Tectonic Hazards long term responses [7]
A
- Investment into hazard management
- Clearing rubble, landslides and ash
- Reconstructing schools and hospitals
- Making infrastructure safer
- Reopening of tourist attractions to bring money
- Insurance pay-outs
- Housing reconstruction
9
Q
Why people may still choose to live near Tectonic Hazards [8]
A
- Erupting volcanoes bring ash, containing many minerals, which fertilises soil
- Tourists are attracted to hazardous areas such as volcanoes or hot springs
- Advances in technology mean that people can be evacuated earlier and avoid harm
- Buildings have better design preventing them from collapsing
- The chances of a hazard is low
- It is expensive to move
- Income, food are more important
- Some countries have a lack of awareness on the risks
10
Q
Hazard management [4]
A
- Monitoring
- Predicting
- Protection
- Planning
11
Q
Monitoring TH [4]
A
- Volcanologists and seismologists can monitor changes to see how far away an event
- Earthquakes are difficult to monitor as they usually do not display warning signs, but small tremors, ground deformation and groundwater levels can be measured
- Volcanoes change a lot: ground deformation can indicate magma movement, gases like sulphurous gases can indicate rising magma, change in heat can indicate processes, vibrations can indicate changes and smaller steam and smoke eruptions can indicate a larger eruption
- Satellites and sensors are used to monitor volcano changes
12
Q
Predicting [3]
A
- On a historical timeframe, historical trends can give an indication of when it will happen
- Earthquakes are caused by the build up of energy. If one hasn’t happened in a while, the next may be high magnitude
- computers can model data to predict more accurately
13
Q
Protection [3]
A
- Effects can be lessened by buildings design and other means
- Volcanic eruptions can be very intense so often little can be done, however concrete or explosives can diver lava flow from populated areas
- Earthquakes cannot be predicted with accuracy, so structures are made to resist shaking with deep foundations
14
Q
Planning [3]
A
- Places subject to frequent tectonic hazards have plans to ensure population safety
- Hazard mapping divides areas into different risk levels. Important buildings can be built away from dangerous areas
- Hazard mapping also helps to determine who gets evacuated
15
Q
Name the 3 cells [3]
A
- Hadley
- Ferrel
- Polar
16
Q
How do cells work? [5]
A
- Warm air at the equator is heated and creates a low pressure belt
- It moves away from the equator and cools and sinks at 30 degrees, creating a high pressure belt
- At the ground, winds move towards the equator as trade winds, or towards the poles as westerlies, which all curve due to the Coriolis effect
- At 60 degrees, warm surface winds meet cold polar winds and the warmer air rises and creates a low pressure area
- Some air moves back to the equator, some to the poles
- At the poles cool air sinks, creating high pressure areas. The high pressure air is drawn back to the equator
17
Q
How weather is affected [3]
A
- At the equator, the earth’s surface receives a lot of sun, so its hot and warm moist air rises and forms clouds. It also rains a lot
- When air reaches 30 degrees, it has released most of its moisture, so dry air means little precipitation and many deserts
- At the lower pressure zone at 60 degrees, warm rising air brings cloud cover and rainfall, often as lower pressure systems carried from the Atlantic by westerlies
18
Q
Weather Hazards in the UK [6]
A
- Strong winds can damage properties and disrupt transport and trees and debris can kill people
- Heavy rainfall can cause flooding, which damages homes, disrupts transport, kills people and costs a lot
- Snow and ice can cause injuries and death, schools and businesses may have to shut and transport is disrupted
- Drought can cause crop failures, and rules on water usage must be implemented
- Thunderstorms can cause heavy rain, strong winds and lightning. Lightning can cause fires and kill people
- Heat waves can cause a build up of pollution, which causes heat exhaustion or breathing difficulties. Tourism may benefit but rails buckle and roads melt
19
Q
Extreme weather in the UK [2]
A
- Temperature, more extreme hot and cold years are becoming more frequent
- Rainfall, major flooding events are more frequent
20
Q
Evidence for Climate Change [4]
A
- Ice and sediment cores, ice forms in layers with bubbles,, so cores taken from deep in can show past atmospheric gas concentrations. Ocean sediment also contains organisms which date further back and can be similarly analysed
- Temperature records, since 1850s thermometers have been recording global temperatures accurately, but crop records and weather reports can date further back
- Pollen analysis, pollen preserved in sediment can show which species were living in a area, so conditions can be based on where those species currently live
- Tree rings, tree rings grow more in wet, warm years. The tree can be carbon dated to show past climate
21
Q
Natural factors affecting climate change [3]
A
- Orbital changes, the amount of radiation the earth receives from the sun affects the temperature. The earth can stretch its orbit to more elliptical for more extremes, change its axial tilt so different places receive different amounts of radiation and wobbles to cause more extreme seasons
- Volcanic activity, major eruptions release lots of material into the atmosphere. This prevents some of the sun’s rays from getting in, cooling the earth
- Solar output, the sun outputs varying levels of energy. It changes in cycles of eleven to hundreds of years. Reduced solar output can cool temperatures but it doesn’t have to have a major effect on global climate change
22
Q
Human activities affecting climate change [3]
A
- Fossil fuels, Carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases released when fossil fuels are burnt
- Farming, livestock and rice fields produce methane a greenhouse gas
- Deforestation, plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, however when they are cut down or burnt they release it back and stop taking in carbon dioxide
23
Q
Environmental effects of climate change [6]
A
- Glaciers and ice sheets are melting, causing sea levels to rise
- Sea ice is shrinking, causing loss of habitat
- Rising sea levels cause more coastal erosion and flooding, meaning loss of habitat
- Species like coral decline due to rising temperatures
- Precipitation patterns are changing, meaning more drought and flooding
- Species becoming extinct and live at higher altitudes meaning a loss of biodiversity
24
Q
Human effects of climate change [6]
A
- Deaths due to heat increase but deaths due to cold decrease
- Some areas flood an others become too hot and dry, meaning mass migration
- Lack of water in areas means political tensions and difficulty for farmers
- Some areas cannot farm as much but others can farm more
- Malnutrition and death can be caused by food shortages
- More extreme weather means more spent on defences and planning
25
Mitigation Strategies [4]
- Planting trees, this increases the volume of carbon dioxide absorbed by photosynthesis
- Carbon capture, designed to reduce emissions from power stations by capturing carbon dioxide and pumping it deep underground to be stored
- Alternative energy production, replacing fossil fuels with nuclear or renewable can reduce greenhouse gas emossions
- International agreements, The Paris Agreement was signed in 2016 by 195 parties. It encouraged developed countries to help developing countries to be sustainable and reduce emissions
26
Adaptation strategies [3]
- Changing agricultural systems, plants suited to the new climate can be planted, and existing crops can be engineered to be more resistant
- Managing water supply, water meters can be installed and rainwater and waste water can be collected and recycled
- coping with rising sea levels, better flood warning systems and defences are developed and new developments are on higher land
