Paper 2

Question 1

Circadian rhythms

Answer 1

Sleep-wake cycle

Exogenous cycle

Question 2

Ultradian rhythms

Answer 2

Just sleep

Endogenous cycle

Question 3

Internal influences

Answer 3

Hormones = adrenaline, ACTH releases cortisol, pineal gland releases melatonin

Question 4

External influences

Answer 4

Light, time, environment (stress, eat, drink, medication)

Question 5

Zeitgebers

Answer 5

Zeitgebers = external cues that synchronise the biological clock

Question 6

Strengths and weaknesses of internal influences:

Answer 6

+SCN removed from hamsters = sleep-wake patterns random
+Miles, blind man = 25hr circadian rhythms
+Li-You Chen = sleep deprived rats, reduced melatonin
-animal studies
-individual differences to being blind

Question 7

Strengths and weaknesses of external influences:

Answer 7

+practical applications for understanding body clocks in humans
+Skene found light is main bodily rhythm
-Siffre found 48hrs sleep-wake
-Sleep deprivation studies are unnatural

Question 8

Insomnia

Answer 8

Caused by lifestyle (jet lag, working shifts), medication (antidepressants), food and drink, health conditions

Question 9

Narcolepsy

Answer 9

1/2000
Cataplexy, hallucinations, fall asleep uncontrollable, EDS, sleep paralysis
Hypocretin keeps us awake, cells in hypothalamus produce hypocretin are damaged or missing

Question 10

Id, supergo, ego

Answer 10

id = i want
Superego = you can’t have
Ego = balance

Question 11

Manifest content

Answer 11

Story

Question 12

Latent content

Answer 12

Meaning of dream

Question 13

Dreamwork

Answer 13

Keeps unconscious thoughts hidden

Question 14

Condensation

Answer 14

Many ideas appear as one

Question 15

Displacement

Answer 15

Something unimportant seems important

Question 16

Secondary elaboration

Answer 16

Builds story from dreamwork

Question 17

Strengths and weaknesses of Freud’s theory of dreaming

Answer 17

\+qualitative
\+detailed focuses on real individuals
\+validity
\+Guenole found noise did not wake up people when dreaming
-cannot be a silly tested
-analysis unique to individuals

Question 18

Hobson and McCarley

Answer 18

Dreams are random

Random firing of neutrons -> send random thought -> brain generates nonsense

Question 19

Strengths and weaknesses of Hobson and McCarley

Answer 19

+sleep lab

• using animals unethical
• using animals not generalisable
• people can link dreams to the day before
• 1977

Question 20

Freud Little Hans background

Answer 20

Oedipus complex, development of psychosexual stages and gender behaviour

Question 21

Little Hans an early dream

Answer 21

Had dream his mum was taken away from his father

Question 22

Little Hans the giraffe dream

Answer 22

Big giraffe symbolised penis but Hans denied this so Freud said big giraffe was Hans’s father and crumpled was mother

Question 23

Strengths and weaknesses of Hans

Answer 23

\+carefully documented
\+lot of in depth detailed information
\+clear what info was given and interpreted
\+carried out case study scientifically
-not generalisable (one person)
-learning explanation (saw horse die)
-dreams are secondary information

Question 24

Siffre results

Answer 24

Depressed and upset at lack of freedom, trapped mouse for loneliness
Suicide
Effects of dark and loneliness were severe
Worse eyesight
Short term memory affected
Varied 18->52hrs

Question 25

Strengths and weaknesses of Siffre

Answer 25

+qualitative and quantitative +long period of time -light came on which affected internal body clock -ungeneralisable -criticised because of noise of mice, damp, telephone connections

Question 26

Positive reinforcement

Answer 26

Recieve something pleasant for behaviour so repeat it

Question 27

Negative reinforcement

Answer 27

Avoiding something unpleasant so we keep avoiding it

Question 28

Negative punishment

Answer 28

Removing something pleasant so we do not repeat behaviour

Question 29

What does social learning theory states is required

Answer 29

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, identification,

Question 30

Strengths and weaknesses of social learning theory

Answer 30

+Bandura = aggression is copied +main way children learn behaviour +explains why some become criminals and some dont -Bandura only measures short-term effect -Bandura was not tested in real-life situation -some behaviour can’t be explained by observational learning

Question 31

Esyneck’s Theory

Answer 31

High E score = low arousal = seek external stimulation -> raise arousal Low N score = unreactive nervous system, calm under stress High P score = psychoticism