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Geography > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Population density

A

The average number of people in a given area per km2
Population/area

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2
Q

Urban core

A

Urban area more than 10,000 people

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3
Q

Igneous rocks

A

The earths oldest rocks, made from lava that has cooled down

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4
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Formed from sediment eroded and deposited by rivers.

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5
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Sedimentary rocks that have been heated and compressed. This makes them more resistant

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6
Q

Examples of igneous rocks

A

Basalt
Granite

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7
Q

Examples of sedimentary rocks

A

Shale
Limestone
Chalk
Clay
Sandstone

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8
Q

Example of metamorphic rocks

A

Slate
Marble

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9
Q

Freeze thaw action

A

Water becomes trapped in cracks in rocks
The water freezes and expands
Then the ice melts
The process repeats, weakening the rocks

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10
Q

Rock fall

A

Fragments of rocks break away from the cliff face due to weathering

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11
Q

Landslide

A

Blocks of rock slide downhill

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12
Q

Mudslide

A

Saturated soil flows down a slope

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13
Q

Slumping

A

Saturated soil slumps along a curved surface

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14
Q

Formation of Malham cove

A

In the Carboniferous period, the uk was covered by sea. Coral skeletons formed strata and were turned into rocks by the cementation of calcium carbonate
Tectonic processes- tilted the strata creating the steep edge
Glaciation - rivers eroded into them creating valleys, and the last ice age deepened the valley

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15
Q

Yourkshire dales

A

Had limestone in the valley sides and boulders left from glaciation - good building stone for field boundaries
Flat relief in the bottom of valleys
Lived in houses built of stone
Sheep farming, because it was too cold to grow crops
Isolated farm structure instead of villages

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16
Q

East anglia

A

Geology is mainly sand and clay, till.
Produces fertile soil for crop farming, but nothing strong enough for building
Hedges used as field boundaries
Older building were made of flint that was in the chalk

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17
Q

Scarp and vale

A

Erosion leaves alternate strata of more and less resistant rock
Resistant rock like chalk forms steep escarpments
Behind the escarpment, there is a dip slope
Softer clays form vales

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18
Q

Bradshaw model

A

Discharge, width,depth, velocity and load increases downstream
Particle size, bed roughness and gradient decreases downstream

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19
Q

Transportation

A

Traction- large boulders are rolled
Saltation- smaller pebbles are bounced
Suspensions- smaller particles are suspended in the water
Solution- dissolved sediment carries in water

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20
Q

Waterfalls

A

Water goes over hard and soft rock
Soft rock is vertically eroded
Hydraulic action causes a plunge pool to form
Constant erosion of soft rocks means there’s no support for the overhang so it collapses into the plunge pool
Retreats backwards

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21
Q

Meanders formation

A

Meander is a slight bend on the river
Water travels faster on the outside of the bend, causing erosion through abrasion
On the inner bend, the river is through helicoidal flow, it takes the sediment from the outer bend and deposits it on the inner bend

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22
Q

Oxbow lake

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A

When a river continues to erode its meander, there is only a small piece of land between the neck of the meander
This erodes, and the river takes the faster route straight, and the meander becomes an oxbow lake

23
Q

Levees

Study These Flashcards
A

During a flood thick sediment is deposited near the bank, and the smaller sediment is deposited further from the bank.

24
Q

Causes of flooding

Study These Flashcards
A

Impermeable rock makes more surface run-off so more flooding
Too hard dry soil means that the water can’t infiltrate
Too saturated soil means the water can’t infiltrate anymore and the soil can’t hold any more water
Deforestation means there’s nothing to intercept precipitation
Steep slopes means water runs down them more so there’s more surface run-off

25
Ways that human activity affect the coast line
Housing Offices Agriculture Industry like oil
26
What forms at a discordant coastline
Headlands and bays
27
Formation of headlands and bays
At a discordant coastline there are alternate bands of hard and soft rock perpendicular to the sea Soft rock is eroded more quickly which forms of Bay and the hard rock juts out forming a headland
28
What forms at a concordant coastline
Coves like Lolworth Cove
29
Formation of a cove
There are layers of soft rock and a hard rock parallel to the sea the sea of roads the hard rock until it finds a crack that it can reach the soft rock which arose rapidly forming a Cove
30
Coastal erosion features
Stacks and stumps and wave cut platforms
31
How are stacks and stumps formed
In a cliff there is a crack of weakness which is eroded by hydraulic action into a cave which is eroded more into an arch which eventually becomes a stack and that falls to become a stump
32
Depositional
Spits, bars, salt marshes
33
How are spits and bars formed
Longshore drift move sediment along the beach Sound builds up behind a headland More sand gets deposited and carries on past the headland forming a spit A salt marsh forms behind the spit The spit extends out the whole bay and joins the other side creating a bar
34
What is a Tombolo
A Tombolo is when the sand deposited joins to a piece of land that isn’t connected to the original piece of land
35
Storm surges in East Anglia
Causes- melting ice and heating oceans increases volume of oceans Effects- 1600km coastline damaged 40,000 homeless 60 deaths
36
Hard engineering for rivers
Dams levees flood barriers dredging flood walls
37
Soft engineering for rivers
Flood plain zoning Afforestation
38
New ham
Very diverse Mostly rented Low quality jobs Diverse in religions
39
Lambeth
Relatively diverse 140 languages Income varies
40
Richmond
High income White middle class Birth rate low Lots of care homes
41
Deprivation in london
New ham is more deprived than Richmond Higher infant mortality Premature deaths Not well educated
42
London decline
Stratford had low employment Online shopping
43
Bedzed
In beddington Energy efficient appliances Reduce bills by 45% Sharing transport Insulation Problems- boiler doesn’t work Water isn’t adequately cleaned
44
Terling
Near Essex People live here to commute into London Cheaper property Less infrastructure Lack of resources and funding Ageing population Less jobs
45
Met office moving to Devon
New jobs New road infrastructure More space for them Cheaper land High population of retired people House prices have exploded
46
Cornwall
Tourism related jobs Hospital is miles away No knowledge economy Low weekly wage Abandoned quarries
47
New opportunities in Cornwall
Eden project
48
Eden project
Generated 2 billion for the economy Educational charity Provides jobs Gives reason to visit Cornwall Expands into other businesses
49
Rebranding and regeneration
London docklands- regenerated into Canary Wharf, financial district, brought jobs, made living there more expensive Olympic park- had funding to regenerate east London (Stratford) built the park which became a leisure area afterwards and the athletes village became homes Provided jobs, had new infrastructure, and gave a better reputation
50
Decline of old economy
Dinnington Primary employment of coal mining, but now there is no coal mining and it has been turned into a retail park. Not many new jobs Now they have transportation services and call centres, but nothing highly skilled
51
7 domains of deprivation
Income Crime Employment Education Health Environment Barriers to housing
52
Boscastle
Torrential rain- saturated soil 2004 84 wrecked cars 2 billion worth of damages Improved the flood defences
53
Somerset levels
Future flooding Had serious floods in 2014 Low lying land 235% more rainfall More storms More gales High tidal surges Less dredging Defences didn’t work

Geography (7 decks)

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