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Clinical and profesional skills > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Define wavelength (λ)

A

Distance between any particle and the nearest one at the same stage of it’s motion

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2
Q

Define period (T)

A

Time taken for any particle to undergo a complete oscillation

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3
Q

Define frequency (f)

A

Number of cycles that a particle undergoes in one second

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4
Q

What is the SI unit of energy

A

Joule, J

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5
Q

What is the SI unit of power

A

watt, W

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6
Q

What is the SI unit of charge

A

coulomb, C

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7
Q

Unit of energy when an electron is accelerated across an X-ray tube

A

electronvolt (eV)

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8
Q

3 factors affecting X-Ray spectrum

A

Tube voltage (kV)

Tube current (mA) and time (s)

Filtration

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9
Q

4 fates of X-ray photons striking matter

A

Completely absorbed: photoelectric effect

Scattered with same energy: Rayleigh scattering

Scattered with lower energy: Comptom scattering

Passes through with no interaction: transmission

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10
Q

How would it appear when radiation passes through something easily and comes into contact with an image receptor (radiolucent)

A

Black area

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11
Q

How would it appear when radiation does not penetrate something very well, it will not make it to the image receptor (radiopaque)

A

White area

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12
Q

3 intraoral radiographs

A

Intraoral Periapicals (IOPA)

Bitewings

Occlusals

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13
Q

2 extraoral radiographs

A

Orthopantomogram (DPT/OPT)

Cephalometric views

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14
Q

Name the cause of real shadows and give 3 examples

A

Structures in, or close to the focal trough

Hard tissue shadows

Air shadows

Soft tissue shadows

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15
Q

Name the cause of ghost shadows and give 3 examples

A

Structures on the opposite side or a long way from the focal trough

Cervical vertebrae

Body, angle and ramus of mandible

Palate

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16
Q

Who does Ionising Radiations Regulations IRR (NI) 2017 protect

A

Staff working with radiation
Members of the public

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17
Q

Who does Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations IR(ME)R (NI) 2018 protect

A

Patients

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18
Q

Dose investigation level

A

> 1mSv in a year

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19
Q

Action level

A

> 0.4mSv in a single monitoring period

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20
Q

What is an accidental exposure

A

An individual has received an exposure in error, when no exposure of any kind was intended e.g. wrong patient

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21
Q

What is an unintended exposure

A

Although the exposure of an individual was intended, the exposure they received was significantly greater or different to that intended

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22
Q

What does PAUSE radiation safety stand for

A

Patient
Anatomy
User checks
Systems and settings
Exposure

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23
Q

3 methods of radiation protection

Study These Flashcards
A

Time

Distance

Shielding

24
Q

2 film based receptors which produce analogue images

Study These Flashcards
A

Direct action film

Indirect action film

25
2 digital based detectors which produce digital images
Computed radiography detectors Digital radiography detectors
26
3 digital radiology artefacts
Dust particles on the phosphor Mechanical damage Banding due to laser optics
27
Equipment exposure factors for intra-oral unit (volts and time)
60 to 70 kV 0.2 to 0.5 s
28
Equipment exposure factors for orthopantomograph unit (volts and time)
50 to 80 kV 15 s
29
Equipment exposure factors for cephalography unit (volts and time)
60 to 90 kV Less than 1 s
30
3 bitewing holder components
Mechanism for holding the receptor parallel to the teeth Bite-platform X-ray beam-aiming device
31
What are deterministic effects on cells and when do they appear
Cell damage beyond repair Appear after days, months
32
What are stochastic effects on cells and when do they appear
Cell repaired with mutation Appear after years
33
When to use bisecting angle technique
If patient can’t tolerate film in mouth
34
What do Intraoral periapicals (IOPA) show
Entire tooth, from the crown to the root tip
35
What do bitewings show
Teeth above the gum line and the height of the bone between teeth
36
What do occlusals show
Roof or floor of the mouth
37
What do orthopantomogram (DPT/OPT) show
All the teeth and their surrounding structures on one image
38
What do cephalometric views show
Side view of head, exposing teeth, jaw, and surrounding structures
39
2 examples of direct digital radiology detectors
Solid state sensors Charge-coupled device (CCD)
40
1 example of computed radiology detectors
Photostimulable phosphor storage plate (PSP)
41
3 sources of radiographic noise
Detector: X-ray film, digital detectors Electronics X-ray quantum noise
42
3 duty holders of IRR
Employers Radiation protection supervisor (RPS) Radiation protection adviser (RPA)
43
4 duty holders of IRMER
Employer Referrer Practitioner Operator
44
4 requirements of all medical exposures under IRMER
Justified Authorised Optimised Evaluated
45
What is inverse-square law
Quantity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source
46
3 factors for rating X-ray tubes
kW: how much power can be applied continuously HU: the heat units which can be stored before the temperature exceeds an acceptable value HU/min: how quickly stored heat can be dissipated
47
3 main ways of setting exposure factors for an X-Ray tube
Manual selection (kv-mAs) Anatomically programmed radiography (APR) Automatic exposure control (AEC)
48
Dose requirements for a controlled area
Greater than 7.5 μSv/h
49
Who is IRMER enforced by NI
Regulation and quality improvement authority RQIA
50
Who is IRR enforced by NI
Health and safety executive Northern Ireland HSENI
51
Define exposure and it’s units
Amount of charge released in air by radiation per unit mass Units C kg-1
52
Define kinetic energy released per unit mass (Kerma) and its units
Energy transferred to a material by uncharged particles per unit mass Units J/kg = Gray (Gy)
53
What is the colour of the bite block for anterior IOPA
Blue
54
What is the colour of the bite block for posterior IOPA
Yellow
55
What is the colour of the bite block for bitewings
Red

Clinical and profesional skills (3 decks)

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