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Science Biology > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a a stable internal environment

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2
Q

What are hormones

A

-Hormones are chemical messengers carried in the blood
-Released by the endocrine glands
-Affect target hormones

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3
Q

What are the 5 glands

A

Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, ovaries and testes

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4
Q

What is the ADH hormone

A

-Released by the pituitary gland
-Targets the kidney
-It’s role is to control the water content of the blood
-It’s effects are that it increases water absorption by the collecting ducts

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5
Q

What is the adrenaline hormone

A

-Released by the adrenal gland
-Targets organs in the respiratory and circulatory systems
-Its role is for perpetration for “fight or flight”
-Effects of it are that it increases breathing rate, heart rate, flow of blood to muscles and conversion of glucose into glycogen

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6
Q

What is the insulin hormone

A

-Released from the pancreas
-Targets the liver
-Role is to control blood glucose levels
-Effects are, increases glucose into glycogen for storage

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7
Q

What is the pituitary gland

A

It is the master gland and is found at the base of the brain

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8
Q

What is the testes

A

It produces testosterone (stimulates sperm production)

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9
Q

What is the ovaries

A

Produces oestrogen (causes growth and repair of the uterus wall)

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10
Q

What is the thyroid gland

A

Produces thyroxine (stimulates the basal metabolic rate)

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11
Q

What are the general stages of negative feedback

A

-If the level of something rises, control systems reduce it again
-If the level of something falls, control systems raise it again

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12
Q

What is an example of negative feedback

A

If thyroxine levels get too low the hypothalamus and the pituitary releases TRH which causes the thyroid to release more thyroxine which bring levels back to normal

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13
Q

When is adrenaline produced by the adrenal gland

A

Adrenaline is released in times of fear or stress

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14
Q

What are examples of receptors

A

-Sight- detected by light sensitive cells in the retina of the eye
-Smell- detected by olfactory cells
-Taste- detected by taste buds in the tongue
-Touch- detected by pressure receptors in the skin
-Sound- is detected by sound receptors in the inner ear
-Stretch in muscles

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15
Q

What are neurons

A

Neurones are elongated cells consisting of a cell body and long thin axon

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16
Q

What are dendrites

A

They are projections that extend from the cell body and connect with other neurones which allows electrical impulses to pass from one to another

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17
Q

What are sensory neurones

A

Sensory neurones transmit messages from sense receptors to the brain or spinal cord

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18
Q

What are motor neurones

A

Motor neurones transmit messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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19
Q

What is the nervous system

A

-The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord
-The peripheral nervous system includes nerves and sense organs
-Nerve cells are sensory,motor and relay

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20
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

Can’t control blood glucose concentration. Will need to inject insulin

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21
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

Not enough insulin is produces - related to increases BMI

BMI = mass / height

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22
Q

What is the menstrual cycle

A

-Each month eggs begin to mature in the ovary. At the same time the uterus produces a thickened lining ready for pregnancy
-Every 28 days an egg is released. This is called ovulation
-If the egg is not fertilised around 14 days later the lining of the uterus is shed along with the egg.

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23
Q

What is the hormone FSH

A

-Made in the pituitary gland
-Makes eggs mature in the ovaries and stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen

24
Q

What is oestrogen

A

-Made in the ovaries
-Stops FSH from being produced(so that only one egg matures in a cycle) and it maintains the uterus lining

-It also stimulates the pituitary gland to make another hormone known as LH

25
Q

What is LH

A

-Made in the pituitary gland
-It stimulates the release of a mature egg from one of the ovaries in the middle of the menstrual cycle

26
Q

What is progesterone

A

-Made in the ovaries
-Stimulate build up and maintenance of uterus lining

27
Q

What are hormonal methods of contraception

A

-Oral contraceptive pill - contains oestrogen or progesterone which inhibit the production of FSH

28
Q

What are non-hormonal methods of contraception

A

-Physical barrier methods-such as condoms and diaphragms which prevent the sperm reaching the egg
-Spermicidal agents which kill all disable sperm
-Surgical methods that tie ovaries and cut if sperm ducts

29
Q

What are the advantages of IVF

A

Allows people to have babies of their own. It is safe and unused eggs can be used for research

30
Q

What are the disadvantages of IVF

A

There are side affects from the drug use such as hot flushes and server headaches, possibility of multiple births, the success rates are not that high

31
Q

What is ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome

A

This is when too many egg’s develop in the ovaries

32
Q

What are the stages of meiosis

A

-Cell division
-Produces gametes (sex cells)
-Produces 4 non-identical daughter cells
-Daughter cells have haploid nucleus with 23 chromosomes

33
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

-Only one parent is need
-No fusion is needed so no genetic material mixes
-This means that the offspring produced are genetically identical clones to the parent

34
Q

What organisms use asexual reproduction

A

-Bacteria
-Production of spores by fungi
-Some plants,such as strawberries use runners
-Formation of tubers in potatoes and bulbs in daffodils

35
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

-Two parents are needed

-During this process the nuclei of the male and female gametes are fused in order to create a zygote

-The gametes contain half the number of chromosomes in each

-When they combine they create the full complement of chromosomes to create a human embryo

-the offspring produces are genetically different and contain a mixture of genetic information

36
Q

What are the gametes in animals and flowering plants

A

Animals- sperm and eggs
Flowering plants- pollen and eggs

37
Q

What is the genome of an organism

A

It is the entire genetic material of that organism

38
Q

What is DNA

A

DNA is the chemical that all genetic material in a cell is made up from

39
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

-DNA is a polymer - made if 2 strands coiled together in a double helix

-Each chromosome is a very long molecule of tightly coiled DNA

40
Q

What are the complimentary base pairs of DNA

A

-Adenine and Thymine
-Cytosine and Guanine

These are held together by weak hydrogen bonds

41
Q

What is a zygote

A

A fertilised egg cell

42
Q

What is a gene

A

A region of DNA that codes for a specific protein

43
Q

What is an allele

A

Different versions of the same gene

44
Q

When is a dominant allele expressed

A

A dominant allele is always expressed if with a recessive allele is dominant and even if the individual has one copy of it

45
Q

When is a recessive allele expressed

A

Only expressed when the individual had two copies of it and does not have the dominant allele of that gene

46
Q

What are the letters for homozygous

A

BB or bb

47
Q

What are the letters for heterozygous

A

Bb

48
Q

What is a phenotype

A

The physical characteristics caused by the genotype (BB,bb or Bb) for example brown eyes

49
Q

What are the symbols for cystic fibrosis

A

CC - normal
Cc - carrier for cystic fibrosis
cc - has cystic fibrosis

50
Q

What are symptoms of cystic fibrosis

A

-Thick mucus builds up in lines of lungs
-Patients find it difficult to breathe and use a vest that vibrates to break up mucus
-Pancreas is not able to release digestive enzymes

51
Q

Stages of variation - Darwin’s theory

A

-Genetic variation - characteristics of individuals vary

-Environmental change - change of climate or competition

-Natural selection - survival of the fittest

-inheritance - survivors breed and pass in their variation to their offspring

-Evolution - natural selection occurs over and over again and a new species evolves

52
Q

What is selective breeding

A

Breeding organisms over a period of many generations to achieve desired characteristics

53
Q

System of classification

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species

54
Q

What are abiotic factors

A

Non living factors, such as water, light and temperature

55
Q

What are biotic factors

A

Living factors such as competition and predation

56
Q

What is parasitism

A

An organism that benefits from feeding off of its host (tapeworm head-lice)

Science Biology (5 decks)

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