Paper 2 Flashcards by Effie Butler

What does a steep like on the graph mean of the rate of reaction?

High rate of reaction
- quick reaction

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Rate of reaction - change in mass

reaction mixture is placed on a balance
As the reaction takes place if a gas is produced the mass decrease
rate equals change in mass/change in time

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Factors affecting rate of teaction

temperature
Pressure
Concentration
Surface area
Catalyst

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What is the collision theory?

Chemical reactions can only occur when reactant particles collide with each other and have sufficient energy

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What is activation energy?

Minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to take place

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How to work out the gradient on a graph

Draw a tangent at the point and then draw a triangle and then work out change in y/change in X

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Temperature on rate of reaction

increase temp
Particles will have more energy
Move more quickly
More frequent collisions
Higher proportion of successful collisions
So the rate of reaction increases

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Pressure on rate of reaction

increase pressure (typically gas)
More crowded particles
More frequent collisions
Higher proportion of successful collisions
Rate of reaction increases

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Surface area on rate of reaction

increasing surface area —> grinding a lump into powder
Increases the number of reactant particles exposed
More frequent collisions
Higher proportion of successful collisions
Rate of reaction increases

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Catalyst on rate of reaction

Provide an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy
Meaning a greater proportion of collisions will exceed the activation energy
More successful collisions
Speeds the rate of reaction

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What is a reverse reaction?

A reversible reaction is one in which the products can react to form the original original reactants

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What is equilibrium?

Whether forward and backward reactions both happen at the same rate, assuming we have a closed system

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The position of equilibrium can be controlled by what?

changing the concentration
Changing the temperature
Changing the pressure

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Why does adding a catalyst not affect the position of equilibrium?

It just speeds up the reaction

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What is Le Chatelier’s principle?

If a system at equilibrium is subjected to change the system will adjust to counteract the change

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What happens to the equilibrium if we increase the concentration?

Equilibrium will shift to the opposite side

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What happens to the equilibrium if we decrease the concentration?

Equilibrium will shift to the side of the substance that we decreased

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What effect does increasing the temperature have an equilibrium?

Shifts to the endothermic side

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What effect does decreasing the temperature have an equilibrium?

Shifted the exothermic side

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What affect does increasing the pressure have an equilibrium?

Shifts to the side with the fewest moles

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What effect does decreasing the pressure have an equilibrium?

Shift to the side with the most moles

What is crude oil?

A finite resource found in rocks which is composed of the remains of ancient biomass mainly plankton that was buried in mud

What is crude oil mainly composed of?

Hydrocarbons

What are hydrocarbons?

A molecule made up of carbon and hydrogen only

First 4 homologous series of alkanes and how many carbon atoms do they have? What is the anagram

- methane - one carbon - Ethane - two carbons - Propane - 3 carbons - Butane - 4 carbons Monkeys eat peanut butter

What is fractional distillation?

The separation of crude oil into fractions each containing molecules with similar numbers of carbon atoms

What is the steps of fractional distillation?

1. Crude oil is vaporised by the furnace. 2. Vapour enters the fractionating column. 3. There is a temperature gradient in the fractionating column - the bottom is hotter than the top 4. The vapour rises up the column. 5. As the vapour rises it calls down. 6. When the boiling points of the different hydrocarbon components of the vapour is reached. They condense.

What is the order of things produced by fractional distillation?

Top - liquid petroleum gases - Petrol - Kerosene - Diesel - Heavy fuel oil - bitumen Bottom

As the hydrocarbon molecules get larger what decreases and what increases

- viscosity and boiling points increase - Flammability decreases This applies to alkanes and alkenes

Complete the formula hydrocarbon + oxygen, makes what?

Carbon dioxide + water

What is cracking?

Breaking up longer hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful hydrocarbons

What is a pure substance?

Only contain one type of element or one type of compound

What is a compound?

Two or more elements that are chemically joined together

What are mixtures?

Two or more elements or compounds that are not chemically joined together

What type of melting point does a pure substance have?

A sharp melting point

What are formulations?

Mixtures of compounds or substances that do not react together. They do produce a useful product with desirable characteristics

What is paper chromatography?

Used to separate out mixtures of soluble substances

What are the two stages in chromatography?

- the mobile phase - stationary phase

In paper chromatography how do you distinguish between substances that are pure and impure?

- impure substances produce 2 or more spots as they contain multiple substances - pure substances have one spot on the chromatogram as they are made from a single substance

What is the test for hydrogen?

Place a burning splint at the opening of a test tube. If hydrogen gas is present it will make a squeaky pop sound

What is the test for oxygen?

Place a glowing splint inside a test tube. The splint will relight in the presence of oxygen

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

Lime water is used to test for the presence of carbon dioxide. When carbon dioxide is bubbled through or shaken with limewater, the limewater turns cloudy

What is the test for chlorine?

Damp litmus paper is used to test for chlorine gas. The litmus paper becomes bleached and turns white

In the early atmosphere how was the seas and oceans created?

The water vapour condensed to form the oceans

What is the gas percentages in our atmosphere ?

- 78% nitrogen - 21% oxygen - other, including 1% argon

What is the gas percentages in our atmosphere ?

- 78% nitrogen - 21% oxygen - other, including 1% argon

How did the levels of oxygen increase in the early atmosphere?

- Oxygen is produced by plants in the process of photosynthesis - the levels of oxygen increased as plants evolved

How did the levels of carbon dioxide decrease?

- Dissolves in water. As water vapour condensed and the oceans and seas formed, the carbon dioxide gas dissolved producing carbonate compounds - plants in the oceans absorbed carbon dioxide

How was coal formed?

Fossil fuel from giant plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago in swamplike forest when these plants died they sang to the bottom of the swamp where dirt and water were on top of them. Overtime pressure and heat increased and the plant remains underwent chemical and physical changes oxygen was pushed out and all that remained was coal

What is potable water?

Drinking water but not pure